Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Editorial introduction: a historical overview of the expanding critique(s) of the gentrification of dual language bilingual education

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Language Policy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 20 October 2022

This article has been updated

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Change history

Notes

  1. Dual language bilingual education has different terminology in the literature and in schools, such as dual immersion, dual language, or immersion programs. We do not equate the term dual with the more precise terminology of two-way later explained.

  2. We capitalize all races to emphasize their inventedness (Appiah, 2020).

References

  • Alfaro, C. (2019). Preparing critically conscious dual-language teachers: Recognizing and interrupting dominant ideologies. Theory into Practice, 58(2), 194–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amrein, A., & Peña, R. A. (2000). Asymmetry in dual language practice: Assessing imbalance in a program promoting equality. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(8), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appiah, K. A. (2020). The case for capitalizing the B in Black: Black and white are both historically created racial identities—and whatever rule applies to one should apply to the other. The Atlantic.

  • Avni, S., & Menken, K. (2021). Hebrew dual language bilingual education: The intersection of race, language and religion. In N. Subtirelu, N. Flores, & A. Tseng (Eds.), Bilingualism for all? Raciolinguistic perspectives on dual language education. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C. (1988). Key issues in bilingualism and bilingual education. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C., & Wright, W. (2017). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanton, C. K. (2004). The strange career of bilingual education in Texas, 1836–1981. Texas A&M University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brisk, M. E. (1998). Bilingual education: From compensatory to quality schooling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, M. (2017). “Compromises that we make”: Whiteness in the dual language context. Bilingual Research Journal, 40(4), 339–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazabon, M., & Lambert, W. E. (1993). Two-way bilingual education: A progress report on the Amigos program (National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning. Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) of the U.S. Department of Education R117G10022; pp. 1–37).

  • Center for Applied Linguistics. (2021). Directory of foreign language immersion programs in U.S. schools. http://webapp.cal.org/Immersion/.

  • Cervantes-Soon, C. G. (2014). A critical look at dual language immersion in the new Latin@ diaspora. Bilingual Research Journal, 37(1), 64–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes-Soon, C., Dorner, L., Palmer, D., Heiman, D., Schwerdtfeger, R., & Choi, J. (2017). Combating inequalities in two-way language immersion programs: Toward critical consciousness in bilingual education spaces. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 403–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes-Soon, C. G., Gambrell, J. A., Kasun, G. S., Sun, W., Freire, J. A., & Dorner, L. M. (2020). “Everybody wants a choice” in dual language education of el Nuevo Sur: Whiteness as the gloss for everybody in media discourses of multilingual education. Journal of Language, Identity & Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1753201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaparro, S. (2017). Language and the gentrifying city: An ethnographic study of a two-way immersion program in an urban public school. Doctoral dissertation.

  • Chestnut, C. E., & Dimitrieska, V. (2018). Implementing Indiana’s new dual language immersion programs: Educator perspectives. Indiana University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, D. (1994). Two-way bilingual education: Students learning through two languages (National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning, pp. 1–27) [Office of Educational Research and Improvement, US Department of Education].

  • Christian, D. (1996). Two-way immersion education: Students learning through two languages. Modern Language Journal, 80(1), 66–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloud, N., Genesee, F., & Hamayan, E. (2000). Dual language instruction: A handbook for enriched education. Heinle & Heinle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, V. P. (1992). A synthesis of studies examining long-term language minority student data on academic achievement. Bilingual Research Journal, 16(1–2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.1992.10162633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, V. P., & Thomas, W. P. (2004). The astounding effectiveness of dual language education for all. NABE Journal of Research and Practice, 2(1), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R. L. (1989). Language planning and social change. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, A. R., & Valverde, L. A. (1994). The impact of Brown on the education of Latinos. The Journal of Negro Education, 63(3), 470–481. https://doi.org/10.2307/2967197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, J. (2008). Advocating for English learners: Selected essays. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darder, A. (2002). Reinventing Paulo Freire: A pedagogy of love. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, E. (2011). Foundations for multilingualism in education: From principles to practice. Caslon.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, E. J., & Howard, E. (2009). Integration in two-way immersion education: Equalising linguistic benefits for all students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802149531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Valle, S. (1998). Bilingual education for Puerto Ricans in New York City: From hope to compromise. Harvard Educational Review, 68(2), 193–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delavan, M. G. (2020). Earth democracy as empowerment for TESOL students and educators: Though the crisis speaks English, englishes can become a commons language of sustainability. In J. Goulah & J. Katunich (Eds.), TESOL and sustainability: New perspectives on English language teaching in the Anthropocene Era (pp. 19–40). Bloomsbury Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delavan, G., & Freire, J. A. (2010). Utah’s dual language immersion boom: Is it listening to cultural differences or reinforcing differences in power? [Paper presentation]. Annual meeting of the American Educational Studies Association (AESA). Denver, CO, United States.

  • Delavan, M. G., Freire, J. A., & Valdez, V. E. (2021). The intersectionality of neoliberal classing with raciolinguistic marginalization in state dual language policy: A call for locally crafted programs. In N. Subtirelu, N. Flores, & A. Tseng (Eds.), Bilingualism for all? Raciolinguistic perspectives on dual language education. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delavan, M. G., Valdez, V. E., & Freire, J. A. (2017). Language as whose resource? When global economics usurp the local equity potentials of dual language education. International Multilingual Research Journal, 11(2), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1204890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Larocco, E. L. (1998). Classroom processes in a two-way immersion kindergarten classroom. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing database.

  • Dolson, D. P., & Mayer, J. (1992). Longitudinal study of three program models for language-minority students: A critical examination of reported findings. Bilingual Research Journal, 16(1–2), 105–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorner, L. M. (2011). Contested communities in a debate over dual-language education: The import of “public” values on public policies. Educational Policy, 25(4), 577–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchêne, A., & Heller, M. (2013). Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores, N. (2020). Producing national and neoliberal subjects: Bilingual education and governmentality in the United States. In L. M. Rojo & A. Del Percio (Eds.), Language and neoliberal governmentality (pp. 49–68). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores, N., & Chaparro, S. (2018). What counts as language education policy? Developing a materialist anti-racist approach to language activism. Language Policy, 17(3), 365–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores, N., & García, O. (2017). A critical review of bilingual education in the United States: From basements and pride to boutiques and profit. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190517000162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, W. P. (1976). Bilingual education: An educational and legal survey. Journal of Law & Education, 5, 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. D. (1996). Dual-language planning at Oyster bilingual school: “It’s much more than language.” TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 557–582. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, J. A. (2014). Spanish-English dual language teacher beliefs and practices on culturally relevant pedagogy in a collaborative action research process. Doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global.

  • Freire, J. A. (2016). Nepantleras/os and their teachers in dual language education: Developing sociopolitical consciousness to contest language education policies. Association of Mexican American Educators Journal, 10(1), 36–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, J. A. (2020). Promoting sociopolitical consciousness and bicultural goals of dual language education: The transformational dual language education framework. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 19(1), 56–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, J. A., Delavan, M. G., & Valdez, V. E. (2021). Grassroots resistance and activism to one-size-fits-all and separate-but-equal policies by 90: 10 dual language schools en comunidades latinas. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2021.1874868.

  • Freire, J. A., & Feinauer, E. (2020). Vernacular Spanish as a promoter of critical consciousness in dual language bilingual education classrooms. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1775778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, J. A., Gambrell, J. A., Kasun, S. G., Dorner, L., & Cervantes-Soon, C. (2021b). The expropriation of dual language bilingual education: Deconstructing neoliberalism, whitestreaming, and English hegemony. International Multilingual Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2021.1929762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, J. A., & Valdez, V. E. (2013). Going from "I" to "We": One school's dual immersion teachers' culturally relevant beliefs and practices [Paper presentation]. Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA). San Francisco, CA.

  • Freire, J. A., Valdez, V. E., & Delavan, M. G. (2017). The (dis)inclusion of Latina/o interests from Utah’s dual language education boom. Journal of Latinos and Education, 16(4), 276–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gándara, P. C., & Aldana, U. S. (2014). Who’s segregated now? Latinos, language, and the future of integrated schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50(5), 735–748.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O. (1984). Bilingualism in the United States: Present attitudes in the light of past policies. In S. Greenbaum (Ed.), The English language today: Public attitudes toward the English language (pp. 147–158). Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O., & Kleifgen, J. (2010). Educating emergent bilinguals: Policies, programs and practices for English language learners. Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O., Menken, K., Velasco, P., & Vogel, S. (2018). Dual language bilingual education in NYC: A potential unfulfilled. In M. B. Arias & M. Fee (Eds.), Profiles of dual language education in the 21st century (pp. 38–55). Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • García-Mateus, S. (2020). Bilingual student perspectives about language expertise in a gentrifying two-way immersion program. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1797627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genesee, F. (1985). Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genesee, F., & Gándara, P. (1999). Bilingual education programs: A cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 665–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González, J. (1980). Bilingual education: Issues for the ’80s. In J. Alatis (Ed.), Current issues in bilingual education (pp. 1–7). Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiman, D. (2021). “So, is gentrification good or bad?” One teacher’s implementation of the fourth goal in her TWBE classroom. Anthropology & Education, 52(1), 63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiman, D. B. (2017). Two-way immersion, gentrification, and critical pedagogy: Teaching against the neoliberal logic [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin]. The University of Texas at Austin, Texas ScholarWorks. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/61911.

  • Heiman, D., & Yanes, M. (2018). Centering the fourth pillar in times of TWBE gentrification: “Spanish, love, content, not in that order.” International Multilingual Research Journal, 12(3), 173–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiman, D., & Murakami, E. (2019). “It was like a magnet to bring people in”: School administrators’ responses to the gentrification of a two-way bilingual education (TWBE) program in central Texas. Journal of School Leadership, 29(6), 454–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, M. (2003). Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 473–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. M. (2019). The danger of the dual-language enrichment narrative: Educator discourses constructing exclusionary participation structures in bilingual education. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 16(3), 155–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, E., Sugarman, J., & Christian, D. (2003). Trends in two-way immersion education: A review of the research (Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education No. R117-D40005). Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR), Johns Hopkins University.

  • Howard, E., Sugarman, J., Christian, D., & Rogers, D. (2007). Guiding principles for dual language education. Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasun, G. S., Scott, J., Kaneria, A. J., & Delavan, M. G. (2021). North American coloniality and decoloniality: Transnational tensions in a Mexican deaf bilingual school. Bilingual Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2021.1877212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katznelson, N., & Bernstein, K. (2017). Rebranding bilingualism: The shifting discourses of language education policy in California’s 2016 election. Linguistics and Education, 40, 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R., & Miller, E. R. (2017). Re-examining and re-envisioning criticality in language studies: Theories and praxis. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 14(2–3), 129–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A. E. (2003). Race in the schoolyard: Negotiating the color line in classrooms and communities. Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm-Leary, K. (2000). Biliteracy for a global society: An idea book on dual language education. National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.

  • Lindholm-Leary, K. J. (2001). Dual language education. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm-Leary, K. (2015). Two-way/dual language education: Then and now. California Association for Bilingual Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linton, A., & Franklin, R. C. (2010). Bilingualism for the children: Dual-language programs under restrictive language policies. In P. Gándara & M. Hopkins (Eds.), Forbidden language (pp. 175–191). Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J., & Catalano, T. (2015). Let them learn English: Reader response to media discourse about dual language education. International Journal of Language Studies, 9(2), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. J. (1990). The past and future directions of federal bilingual-education policy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508(1), 66–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macedo, D., Dendrinos, B., & Gounari, P. (2003). The hegemony of English. Paradigm.

  • Menken, K. (2013). Restrictive language education policies and emergent bilingual youth: A perfect storm with imperfect outcomes. Theory into Practice, 52(3), 160–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. C. K. (2021). A history of bilingual education in the US: Examining the politics of language policymaking. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales, P. Z., & Maravilla, J. V. (2019). The problems and possibilities of interest convergence in a dual language school. Theory into Practice, 58(2), 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales, P. Z., & Rao, A. B. (2015). How ideology and cultural capital shape the distribution of Illinois’ bilingual education programs. Teachers College Record (ID Number: 18139).

  • Moran, R. F. (1988). The politics of discretion: Federal intervention in bilingual education. California Law Review, 76(6), 1249–1352. https://doi.org/10.2307/3480675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morison, S. H. (1990). A Spanish–English dual-language program in New York City. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508(1), 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716290508001013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morita-Mullaney, T., Renn, J., & Chiu, M. M. (2020). Obscuring equity in dual language bilingual education: A longitudinal study of emergent bilingual achievement, course placements, and grades. TESOL Quarterly, 54(3), 685–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, G., Lima Becker, M., & Chang-Bacon, C. K. (2020). “Eu sei, I know”: Equity and immigrant experience in a Portuguese-English dual language bilingual education program. TESOL Quarterly, 54(3), 572–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padilla, A. M., Lindholm, K. J., Chen, A., Hakuta, K., Lambert, W., & Tucker, G. R. (1991). The English-only movement: Myths, reality, and implications for psychology. American Psychological Association, 46(2), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, D. (2010). Race, power, and equity in a multiethnic urban elementary school with a dual-language “strand” program. Anthropology & Education, 41(1), 94–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, D. K. (2004). Educating for equity in a dual immersion classroom: “¡No interrumpas!” Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

  • Palmer, D. K. (2009). Middle-class English speakers in a two-way immersion bilingual classroom: “Everybody should be listening to Jonathan right now.” TESOL Quarterly, 43(2), 177–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, D. K., Cervantes-Soon, C., Dorner, L., & Heiman, D. (2019). Bilingualism, biliteracy, biculturalism, and critical consciousness for all: Proposing a fourth fundamental goal for two-way dual language education. Theory into Practice, 58(2), 121–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovic, J. E. (2005). The conservative restoration and neoliberal defenses of bilingual education. Language Policy, 4, 395–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramírez, J. D., Yuen, S., & Ramey, D. (1991). Longitudinal study of structured English immersion strategy, early-exit and late-exit transitional bilingual education programs for language-minority children (United States Department of Education No. 00-87–0156). Aguirre International.

  • Ricento, T. (2005). Problems with the “language-as-resource” discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the U.S.A. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3), 348–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, C. (1980). Bilingual education tradition in the U.S.: Transition vs. maintenance models (U.S. Department of Education, National Institute of Education, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) No. ED221051, p. 28). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED221051

  • Roos, P. D. (1978). Bilingual education: The Hispanic response to unequal educational opportunity. Law and Contemporary Problems, 42(4), 111–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, M., & Palmer, D. (2009). Race, power, and (in)equity within two-way immersion settings. Urban Review, 41, 391–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, S. (2011). Bicultural parent engagement: Advocacy and empowerment. In E. Olivos, O. Jiménez-Castellanos, & A. M. Ochoa (Eds.), Bicultural parent engagement: Advocacy and empowerment (pp. 83–102). Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, F. (1975). Bilingual education: An idea whose time has come. New York Affairs, 3(1), 94–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spener, D. (1988). Transitional bilingual education and the socialization of immigrants. Harvard Educational Review, 58(2), 133–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, W. (2019). From the editorial board: Multilingualism for all or tools for gentrification? Call for the examination of dual language programs in secondary education. The High School Journal, 102(4), 263–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitelbaum, H., & Hiller, R. (1977). Bilingual education: The legal mandate. Harvard Educational Review, 47(2), 138–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • The University of Pennsylvania Law Review. (1979). Bilingual education and desegregation. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 127(6), 1564–1606. https://doi.org/10.2307/3311629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés, G. (1997). Dual-language immersion programs: A cautionary note concerning the education of language-minority students. Harvard Educational Review, 67(3), 391–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdés, G. (2018). Analyzing the curricularization of language in two-way immersion education: Restating two cautionary notes. Bilingual Research Journal, 41(4), 388–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdez, V. E., Delavan, G., & Freire, J. A. (2016b). The marketing of dual language education policy in Utah print media. Educational Policy, 30(6), 849–883. https://doi.org/10.1177/089590481455-6750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valdez, V. E., Freire, J. A., & Delavan, G. (2013). For whom is the dual language immersion boom? The gentrification of strong forms of U.S. language education [Paper presentation]. 2013 American Education Research Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA, United States.

  • Valdez, V. E., Freire, J. A., & Delavan, M. G. (2016a). The gentrification of dual language education. Urban Review, 48(4), 601–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varghese, M. M., & Park, C. (2010). Going global: Can dual-language programs save bilingual education? Journal of Latinos and Education, 9(1), 78–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wentworth, L., Pellegrin, N., Thompson, K., & Hakuta, K. (2010). Proposition 227 in California: A long-term appraisal of its impact on English learner student achievement. In P. Gándara & M. Hopkins (Eds.), Forbidden language: English learners and restrictive language policies (pp. 37–49). Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zehler, A. M., Fleischman, H. L., Hopstock, P. J., Pendzick, M. L., & Stephenson, T. G. (2003). Descriptive study of services to LEP students and LEP students with disabilities. Office of English Language Acquisition, U.S. Department of Education Contract No. ED-00-CO-0089, p. 43). Development Associates/George Washington University.

  • Zheng, B. (2021). Neoliberal multilingualism and “humanitarian connections”: Discourses around parents’ experiences with a Mandarin Chinese immersion school. Language & Education, 35(1), 78–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zirkel, P. A. (1977). Bilingual education and school desegregation: A case of uncoordinated remedies. Bilingual Review/la Revista Bilingüe, 4(3), 180–188.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude for the peer reviewers’ work, for their timely feedback, and excellent insights. Peer review in academia occurs behind the scenes and in anonymity. We thank them for their excellent and generous collaboration. We also appreciate the hard work of the authors of the articles for this special issue and the collegial cross-fertilization of transformational ideas their work contains.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan A. Freire.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original online version of this article was revised: The author name M. Garrett Delavan was incorrectly displayed in original version.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Delavan, M.G., Freire, J.A. & Menken, K. Editorial introduction: a historical overview of the expanding critique(s) of the gentrification of dual language bilingual education. Lang Policy 20, 299–321 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09597-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09597-x

Navigation