Functional use of large stone tool from the Upper Paleolithic site of Kamennaya Balka II (the Northern Azov Sea region, Russia)
Keywords:
Upper Paleolithic, Russia, stone slab, technological analysis, traceological analysis, experimental analysis, biogenic residues
Abstract
The assemblages of many Paleolithic sites on the Russian Plain contain large pebbles of various types of stone, which, due to the natural and unmodified forms, rarely become objects of special study. Some of them retain their natural shape, others are slightly artificially modified. In the course of our research, artifacts from several Paleolithic sites in Russia and the Republic of Moldova were subjected to a comprehensive study. Technical-morphological and experimental-traceological studies made it possible to characterize the methods of their manufacture and use. Among the items studied, there is a trapezoidal slab retrieved in the lower layer of the Late Paleolithic stratified site Kamennaya Balka II (the Northern Azov Sea region, Russia). On its surface, use-wear traces were found, which are characteristic of wear traces on tools used to grind plant materials. To verify the results of the traceological analysis, a series of experiments was performed. The wear traces on the working part of the experimental tool turned out to be similar to those found on the original one. The functional identification of the slab from Kamennaya Balka II as a tool for processing plants was also confirmed by the discovery on the working surface of mineralized starch grains.
This comprehensive study of an unmodified stone artifact from the Kamennaya Balka II site and its identification as the lower grinding stone indicates the presence of complex foraging strategies among the economic activities of the inhabitants of the site and their successful adaptation to the natural environment in this region.
References
Adams, J., Delgado, S., Dubreil, L., Hamon, C., Plisson, H. & Risch, R. 2009, Functional Analysis of Macro-Lithic Artefacts: A Focus on Working Surfaces. In: Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory. Old prejudices and new directions: Proceedings of XV World Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, September 4-9 2006, Lisbon (Sternke, F., Costa, L. & Eigeland, L., Eds.), BAR. IS. Vol. 1939. Archaeopress, Oxford: p. 43-66.
de Beaune, S.A. 2003, Du grain à moudre sur les néandertaliens. La Recherche, 360: 56-59. (in French) (“Grain to grind on the Neanderthals”)
Del Bene, T.A. 1979, Once upon a Striation: Current Models of Striation and Polish Formation. In: Lithic Use-Wear Analysis (Hayden, B., Ed.), Academic Press, New York: p. 167-177.
Buckley, S., Usai, D., Jakob, T., Radini, A., Hardy, K. 2014, Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food Items, Cooking and Plant Processing in Prehistoric Central Sudan. Public Library of Science ONE, 9(7): e100808. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100808
Chernysh, O.P. 1961, Палеолiтична стоянка Молодове V. Видавництво АН УРСР (Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences), Kyiv, 175 p. (in Ukrainian) (“Paleolithic site Molodove V”)
Cristiani, E., Radini, A., Edinborough, M. & Borić, D. 2016, Dental calculus reveals Mesolithic foragers in the Balkans consumed domesticated plant foods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(37): 10298-0303. doi:10.1073/pnas.1603477113
Gvozdover, M.D., 1967, О культурной принадлежности позднепалеолитических памятников Нижнего дона. Вопросы антропологии (Anthropological issues), 27: 82-107. (in Russian) (“On the cultural identity of the Late Paleolithic sites of the Lower Don”)
Hardy, K., Radini, A., Buckley, S., Blasco, R., Copeland, L., Burjachs, F., Girbal, J., Yll, R., Carbonell, E. & Bermúdez de Castro, J.M. 2017. Diet and environment 1.2 million years ago revealed through analysis of dental calculus from Europe’s oldest hominin at Sima del Elefante, Spain. The Science of Nature, 104, 2. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1420-x
Henry, A.G., Brooks, A.S. & Piperno, D.R. 2010. Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). PNAS, 2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108
ICSN 2011, The International Code for Starch Nomenclature. http://fossilfarm.org/ICSN/Code.html (date of the application 25.09.2018)
Kozlovskaya, M.V. 2002, Пищевые новации производящего хозяйства. OPUS: Междисциплинарные исследования в археологии (OPUS: Interdisciplinary Studies in Archeology), 1-2: 26-45. (in Russian) (“Food innovations of the manufacturing economy”)
Korobkowa, G.F. 1999, Narzędzia w pradziejach: Podstawy badania funkcij metodą traseologiczną. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń: 168 p. (in Polish) (“Tools in prehistory: Fundamentals of the study of functions using the traceological method”)
Kuchugura, L.I. 2003, К вопросу о типологии изделий из неизоморфных пород в верхнем палеолите. Археологический альманах (Archaeological almanac), 13: 308-314. (in Russian) (“On the typology of products from nonisomorphic rocks in the Upper Paleolithic”)
Leonova, N.B. 2015, Каменнобалковская культура - один из опорных комплексов верхнего палеолита Северного Причерноморья. In: Древние культуры Восточной Европы: эталонные памятники и опорные комплексы в контексте современных археологических исследований (Ancient cultures of Eastern Europe: reference sites and support complexes in the context of modern archaeological research) (Khlopachev, G.A., Ed.), Замятнинский сборник (Zamyatninsky collection), Vol. 4. МАЭ РАН (Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera) RAS), St.-Petersburg: p. 150-161. (in Russian) (“The Kamennobalkovskaja culture - one of the reference sites of Upper Paleolithic in the northern part of the Black Sea region”)
Leonova, N.B., Nesmeyanov, S.A., Vinogradova, E.A., Voeikova, O.A., Gvozdover, M.D., Minkov, E.V., Spiridonova, E.A. & Sycheva, S.A. 2006, Палеоэкология равнинного палеолита (на примере комплекса верхнепалеолитических стоянок Каменная Балка в Северном Приазовье). Научный мир (Scientific world), Мoscow: 360 p. (in Russian) (“Paleoecology of the Plains Paleolithic (on the example of the complex of the Upper Paleolithic sites Kamennaya Balka in the Northern Azov region)”)
Leonova, N.B., Vinogradova, E.A., Medvedev, S.P., Plokhenko, B.G. 2015, Многослойный памятник верхнего палеолита Северного Приазовья Каменная Балка II - история изучения и результаты исследований. Исторические Исследования. Журнал Исторического факультета МГУ (Historical Research. Journal of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University), 3: 46-75. (in Russian) (“Multilayer site of the Upper Paleolithic of the Northern Azov Sea Kamennaya Balka II - history of study and research results”)
Longo, L. 2016, Gestures from the Past: a 3D storytelling of grinding stones. Plants food processing at the dawn of modern humans. In: VSMM Proceedings, IEEE Xplore Digital Library: p. 294-300.
Longo, L. & Skakun, N.N. 2017, Комплексное изучение каменных орудий с использованием цифровой техники. Геоархеология и археологическая минералогия (Geoarcheology and archaeological mineralogy), 4: 46-49. (in Russian) (“Comprehensive study of stone tools using digital technology”)
Longo, L., Skakun, N., Sorrentino, G., Vassallo, V., Abate, D., Terekhina, V., Sinitsyn, A., Khlopachev, G. & Hermon, S. 2019, Les gestes retrouves: a 3D visualisation approach to the functional study of early upper Palaeolithic grinding stones. In: CAA2016: Oceans of Data Proceedings of the 44th Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (Matsumoto, M. & Uleberg, E., Eds.). Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford: p. 447-456.
Pantyukhina, I.E. 2020, Метод анализа древнего крахмала в вопросах и ответах. Междисциплинарные исследования в археологии (Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology), 1: 103-118. (in Russian) (“Ancient starch analysis method in questions and answers”). doi:10.24411/2658-3550-2020-10006
Pantyukhina, I.E., Vostretsov, Yu.E. & Ivanov, V.V. 2018. Метод анализа остатков древнего крахмала в эволюционной археологии: пример исследования. Вестник Дальневосточногоprim отделения Российской академии наук (Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), 4: 95-104. (in Russian) (“Method of starch residue analysis in evolutionary archaeology: case of study”)
Pearsall, D.M., Chandler-Ezell, K. & Zeidler, J.A. 2004, Maize in ancient Ecuador: Results of residue analysis of stone tools from the Real Alto site. The Journal of Archaeological Science, 31: 423-442.
Revedin, A., Aranguren, B., Becattini, R., Longo, L., Marconi, E., Mariotti Lippi, M., Skakun, N., Sinitsyn, A., Spiridonova, E. & Svoboda, J. 2010. Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. PNAS, 107(44): 18815-18819. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006993107
Reichert, E.T. 1913, The Differentiation and Specificity of Starches in Relation to Genera, Species, etc: Stereochemistry Applied to Protoplasmic Processes and Products, and as a Strictly Scientific Basis for the Classification of Plants and Animals, in two parts. Pt. 1. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 173. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C: 342 p.
Rogachev, A.N. 1973, Об усложненном собирательстве как форме хозяйства в эпоху палеолита на Русской равнине. In: Антропологическая реконструкция и проблемы палеоэтнографии: Сборник. памяти М.М. Герасимова (Anthropological reconstruction and problems of paleoethnography: Collection. in memory of M.M. Gerasimova) (Lebedinskaya, G.V. & Rabinovich, M.G., Eds.). “Nauka” Publishers, Moscow: p. 127-142. (in Russia) (“About complicated gathering as a form of economy in the Paleolithic on the Russian Plain”)
Semenov, S.A. 1957, Первобытная техника: опыт изучения древнейших орудий и изделий по следам работы. Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР (Materials and research on archeology of the USSR), 54. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Leningrad: 240 p. (in Russian) (“Prehistoric technology: an experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear”)
Semenov, S.A. 1974, Происхождение земледелия. “Nauka” Publishers, Leningrad: 318 p. (in Russian) (“The origin of agriculture”)
Shchelinsky, V.E. 1994, Терочный камень из мустьерского культурного слоя Баракаевской пещеры. In: Неандертальцы Гуптского ущелья на Северном Кавказе (Neanderthals of the Gupta Gorge in the North Caucasus) (Lubin, V.P., Ed.). Меоты (Meoty), Maykop: p. 148-150. (in Russian) (“Grinding stone from the Mousterian cultural layer of the Barakaevskaya cave”)
Skakun, N., Longo, L., Terekhina, V., Kovalenko, S., Shulga, D., Pantyukhina, I. & Mednikova, E. 2020a. Каменные терочники и песты из селетоидного слоя грота Брынзены I (Руспублика Молдова) (в свете экспериментально-трасологического исследования, данных анализа органических остатков и 3D сканирования. Емiнак (Eminak), 1(29): 74-86. (in Russian) (“Grinding stones and pestles from the szeletian layer of Brînzeni-1 grotto (Republic of Moldova) (in the light of experimental and traceological study, data of organic remains analysis and 3D scanning)”). doi:10.33782/eminak2020.1(29).380
Skakun, N.N., Kovalenko, S.I., Terekhina, V.V. 2020b, Результаты изучения каменных предметов из слоя 2Б многослойной стоянки Косэуць (Республика Молдова). Археология евразийских степей (Archeology of the Eurasian steppes), 3: 194-201. (in Russian) (“Results of study of stone items from the layer 2Б in the multi-layer site Cosăuți (Republic of Moldova)”). doi:10.24411/2587-6112-2020-1-0012
Skakun, N.N., Leonova, N.B., Longo, L., Terekhina, V.V. Pantyukhina, I.E., Eltsov, M.V. & Vinogradova, E.A. 2018, Предварительные результаты комплексного анализа каменной плитки из верхнепалеолитической стоянки Каменная Балка II. In: Стратегии жизнеобеспечения в каменном веке, прямые и косвенные свидетельства рыболовства и собирательства. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 50-летию В.М. Лозовского, 15-18 мая 2018 г., Санкт-Петербург (Subsistence strategies in the Stone Age, direct and indirect evidence of fishing and gathering. Materials of the International conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of V.M. Lozovski, May 15-18 2018, St.-Petersburg) (Lozovskaya, O.V., Vybornov, A.A. & Dolbunova, E.V., Eds.). ИИМК РАН (Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS), St.-Petersburg: 238-240. (in Russian) (“Preliminary results of a comprehensive analysis of stone slab from the Upper Paleolithic site Kamennaya Balka II”)
Skakun, N. & Terekhina, V. 2017, Significance of experimental works in research of functions of ancient tools (after materials of the settlement Bodaki of Tripolye culture). Quaternary International, 427: 6-24. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.030
Skakun, N.N., Terekhina, V.V., Longo, L. & Pantyukhina, I.Е. 2019, Современные археологические исследования в археологии. In: Прошлое человечества в трудах петербургских археологов на рубеже тысячелетий (К 100-летию создания российской академической археологии) (The past of humankind as seen by the Petersburg archaeologists at the dawn of the millennium (to the centennial of the Russian academic archaeology)) (Vinogradov, Y.A., Vasiliev, S.A. & Stepanova, K.N., Eds.). Петербургское Востоковедение (Petersburg Oriental Studies), St.-Petersburg: p. 157-165. (in Russian) (“Modern traceological studies in archaeology”)
Stepanova, K.N. 2015, Немодифицированные каменные орудия верхнего палеолита Восточной Европы. Dissertation abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. St.-Petersburg, 33 p. (in Russian) (“Unmodified Upper Paleolithic Stone Tools of Eastern Europe”)
Stepanova, K. 2020, Upper Palaeolithic grinding stones from Eastern European sites: An overview. Quaternary International, 541: 162-181. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.035
Sujka, M. & Jamroz, J. 2007, Starch granule porosity and its changes by means of amylolysis. International Agrophysics, 21(1): 107-113.
Sun, Zh. & Henson, C.A. 1990, Degradation of Native Starch Granules by Barley α-Glucosidases. Plant Physiology, 94 (1): 320-327. doi:10.1104/pp.94.1.320
Torrence, R. & Barton, H. (Eds.) 2006, Ancient starch research. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek: 256 p.
Torrence, R., Wright, R. & Conway, R. 2004, Identification of starch granules using image analysis and multivariate techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31: 519-532.
Vinogradova, E.A. & Leonova, N.B. 2016, Древнейший культурный слой стоянки Каменная Балка II. Исторический журнал: научные исследования (Historical journal: research), 6: 800-809. (in Russian) (“The oldest cultural layer of the Kamennaya Balka II site”)
Voevodsky, M.V. 1952, Палеолитическая стоянка Рабочий ров (Чулатово II). In: Ископаемый человек и его культура на территории СССР (Fossil man and his culture on the territory of the USSR) (Voevodsky, M.V. & Plisetsky, M.S., Eds.). Scientific notes of Moscow State University. Vol. 158. Moscow State University, Moscow: p. 101-132. (in Russian) (“Paleolithic site Rabochy rov (Chulatovo II)”)
Zamyatina, N.G. 2013, Кухня Робинзона. Рецепты блюд из дикорастущих растений и цветов, Центрполиграф (Centerpolygraph), Moscow: 670 p. (in Russian) (“Robinson's Kitchen. Recipes for dishes from wild plants and flowers”)
de Beaune, S.A. 2003, Du grain à moudre sur les néandertaliens. La Recherche, 360: 56-59. (in French) (“Grain to grind on the Neanderthals”)
Del Bene, T.A. 1979, Once upon a Striation: Current Models of Striation and Polish Formation. In: Lithic Use-Wear Analysis (Hayden, B., Ed.), Academic Press, New York: p. 167-177.
Buckley, S., Usai, D., Jakob, T., Radini, A., Hardy, K. 2014, Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food Items, Cooking and Plant Processing in Prehistoric Central Sudan. Public Library of Science ONE, 9(7): e100808. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100808
Chernysh, O.P. 1961, Палеолiтична стоянка Молодове V. Видавництво АН УРСР (Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences), Kyiv, 175 p. (in Ukrainian) (“Paleolithic site Molodove V”)
Cristiani, E., Radini, A., Edinborough, M. & Borić, D. 2016, Dental calculus reveals Mesolithic foragers in the Balkans consumed domesticated plant foods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(37): 10298-0303. doi:10.1073/pnas.1603477113
Gvozdover, M.D., 1967, О культурной принадлежности позднепалеолитических памятников Нижнего дона. Вопросы антропологии (Anthropological issues), 27: 82-107. (in Russian) (“On the cultural identity of the Late Paleolithic sites of the Lower Don”)
Hardy, K., Radini, A., Buckley, S., Blasco, R., Copeland, L., Burjachs, F., Girbal, J., Yll, R., Carbonell, E. & Bermúdez de Castro, J.M. 2017. Diet and environment 1.2 million years ago revealed through analysis of dental calculus from Europe’s oldest hominin at Sima del Elefante, Spain. The Science of Nature, 104, 2. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1420-x
Henry, A.G., Brooks, A.S. & Piperno, D.R. 2010. Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). PNAS, 2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016868108
ICSN 2011, The International Code for Starch Nomenclature. http://fossilfarm.org/ICSN/Code.html (date of the application 25.09.2018)
Kozlovskaya, M.V. 2002, Пищевые новации производящего хозяйства. OPUS: Междисциплинарные исследования в археологии (OPUS: Interdisciplinary Studies in Archeology), 1-2: 26-45. (in Russian) (“Food innovations of the manufacturing economy”)
Korobkowa, G.F. 1999, Narzędzia w pradziejach: Podstawy badania funkcij metodą traseologiczną. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń: 168 p. (in Polish) (“Tools in prehistory: Fundamentals of the study of functions using the traceological method”)
Kuchugura, L.I. 2003, К вопросу о типологии изделий из неизоморфных пород в верхнем палеолите. Археологический альманах (Archaeological almanac), 13: 308-314. (in Russian) (“On the typology of products from nonisomorphic rocks in the Upper Paleolithic”)
Leonova, N.B. 2015, Каменнобалковская культура - один из опорных комплексов верхнего палеолита Северного Причерноморья. In: Древние культуры Восточной Европы: эталонные памятники и опорные комплексы в контексте современных археологических исследований (Ancient cultures of Eastern Europe: reference sites and support complexes in the context of modern archaeological research) (Khlopachev, G.A., Ed.), Замятнинский сборник (Zamyatninsky collection), Vol. 4. МАЭ РАН (Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera) RAS), St.-Petersburg: p. 150-161. (in Russian) (“The Kamennobalkovskaja culture - one of the reference sites of Upper Paleolithic in the northern part of the Black Sea region”)
Leonova, N.B., Nesmeyanov, S.A., Vinogradova, E.A., Voeikova, O.A., Gvozdover, M.D., Minkov, E.V., Spiridonova, E.A. & Sycheva, S.A. 2006, Палеоэкология равнинного палеолита (на примере комплекса верхнепалеолитических стоянок Каменная Балка в Северном Приазовье). Научный мир (Scientific world), Мoscow: 360 p. (in Russian) (“Paleoecology of the Plains Paleolithic (on the example of the complex of the Upper Paleolithic sites Kamennaya Balka in the Northern Azov region)”)
Leonova, N.B., Vinogradova, E.A., Medvedev, S.P., Plokhenko, B.G. 2015, Многослойный памятник верхнего палеолита Северного Приазовья Каменная Балка II - история изучения и результаты исследований. Исторические Исследования. Журнал Исторического факультета МГУ (Historical Research. Journal of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University), 3: 46-75. (in Russian) (“Multilayer site of the Upper Paleolithic of the Northern Azov Sea Kamennaya Balka II - history of study and research results”)
Longo, L. 2016, Gestures from the Past: a 3D storytelling of grinding stones. Plants food processing at the dawn of modern humans. In: VSMM Proceedings, IEEE Xplore Digital Library: p. 294-300.
Longo, L. & Skakun, N.N. 2017, Комплексное изучение каменных орудий с использованием цифровой техники. Геоархеология и археологическая минералогия (Geoarcheology and archaeological mineralogy), 4: 46-49. (in Russian) (“Comprehensive study of stone tools using digital technology”)
Longo, L., Skakun, N., Sorrentino, G., Vassallo, V., Abate, D., Terekhina, V., Sinitsyn, A., Khlopachev, G. & Hermon, S. 2019, Les gestes retrouves: a 3D visualisation approach to the functional study of early upper Palaeolithic grinding stones. In: CAA2016: Oceans of Data Proceedings of the 44th Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (Matsumoto, M. & Uleberg, E., Eds.). Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford: p. 447-456.
Pantyukhina, I.E. 2020, Метод анализа древнего крахмала в вопросах и ответах. Междисциплинарные исследования в археологии (Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology), 1: 103-118. (in Russian) (“Ancient starch analysis method in questions and answers”). doi:10.24411/2658-3550-2020-10006
Pantyukhina, I.E., Vostretsov, Yu.E. & Ivanov, V.V. 2018. Метод анализа остатков древнего крахмала в эволюционной археологии: пример исследования. Вестник Дальневосточногоprim отделения Российской академии наук (Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), 4: 95-104. (in Russian) (“Method of starch residue analysis in evolutionary archaeology: case of study”)
Pearsall, D.M., Chandler-Ezell, K. & Zeidler, J.A. 2004, Maize in ancient Ecuador: Results of residue analysis of stone tools from the Real Alto site. The Journal of Archaeological Science, 31: 423-442.
Revedin, A., Aranguren, B., Becattini, R., Longo, L., Marconi, E., Mariotti Lippi, M., Skakun, N., Sinitsyn, A., Spiridonova, E. & Svoboda, J. 2010. Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. PNAS, 107(44): 18815-18819. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006993107
Reichert, E.T. 1913, The Differentiation and Specificity of Starches in Relation to Genera, Species, etc: Stereochemistry Applied to Protoplasmic Processes and Products, and as a Strictly Scientific Basis for the Classification of Plants and Animals, in two parts. Pt. 1. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 173. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C: 342 p.
Rogachev, A.N. 1973, Об усложненном собирательстве как форме хозяйства в эпоху палеолита на Русской равнине. In: Антропологическая реконструкция и проблемы палеоэтнографии: Сборник. памяти М.М. Герасимова (Anthropological reconstruction and problems of paleoethnography: Collection. in memory of M.M. Gerasimova) (Lebedinskaya, G.V. & Rabinovich, M.G., Eds.). “Nauka” Publishers, Moscow: p. 127-142. (in Russia) (“About complicated gathering as a form of economy in the Paleolithic on the Russian Plain”)
Semenov, S.A. 1957, Первобытная техника: опыт изучения древнейших орудий и изделий по следам работы. Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР (Materials and research on archeology of the USSR), 54. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Leningrad: 240 p. (in Russian) (“Prehistoric technology: an experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear”)
Semenov, S.A. 1974, Происхождение земледелия. “Nauka” Publishers, Leningrad: 318 p. (in Russian) (“The origin of agriculture”)
Shchelinsky, V.E. 1994, Терочный камень из мустьерского культурного слоя Баракаевской пещеры. In: Неандертальцы Гуптского ущелья на Северном Кавказе (Neanderthals of the Gupta Gorge in the North Caucasus) (Lubin, V.P., Ed.). Меоты (Meoty), Maykop: p. 148-150. (in Russian) (“Grinding stone from the Mousterian cultural layer of the Barakaevskaya cave”)
Skakun, N., Longo, L., Terekhina, V., Kovalenko, S., Shulga, D., Pantyukhina, I. & Mednikova, E. 2020a. Каменные терочники и песты из селетоидного слоя грота Брынзены I (Руспублика Молдова) (в свете экспериментально-трасологического исследования, данных анализа органических остатков и 3D сканирования. Емiнак (Eminak), 1(29): 74-86. (in Russian) (“Grinding stones and pestles from the szeletian layer of Brînzeni-1 grotto (Republic of Moldova) (in the light of experimental and traceological study, data of organic remains analysis and 3D scanning)”). doi:10.33782/eminak2020.1(29).380
Skakun, N.N., Kovalenko, S.I., Terekhina, V.V. 2020b, Результаты изучения каменных предметов из слоя 2Б многослойной стоянки Косэуць (Республика Молдова). Археология евразийских степей (Archeology of the Eurasian steppes), 3: 194-201. (in Russian) (“Results of study of stone items from the layer 2Б in the multi-layer site Cosăuți (Republic of Moldova)”). doi:10.24411/2587-6112-2020-1-0012
Skakun, N.N., Leonova, N.B., Longo, L., Terekhina, V.V. Pantyukhina, I.E., Eltsov, M.V. & Vinogradova, E.A. 2018, Предварительные результаты комплексного анализа каменной плитки из верхнепалеолитической стоянки Каменная Балка II. In: Стратегии жизнеобеспечения в каменном веке, прямые и косвенные свидетельства рыболовства и собирательства. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 50-летию В.М. Лозовского, 15-18 мая 2018 г., Санкт-Петербург (Subsistence strategies in the Stone Age, direct and indirect evidence of fishing and gathering. Materials of the International conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of V.M. Lozovski, May 15-18 2018, St.-Petersburg) (Lozovskaya, O.V., Vybornov, A.A. & Dolbunova, E.V., Eds.). ИИМК РАН (Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS), St.-Petersburg: 238-240. (in Russian) (“Preliminary results of a comprehensive analysis of stone slab from the Upper Paleolithic site Kamennaya Balka II”)
Skakun, N. & Terekhina, V. 2017, Significance of experimental works in research of functions of ancient tools (after materials of the settlement Bodaki of Tripolye culture). Quaternary International, 427: 6-24. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.030
Skakun, N.N., Terekhina, V.V., Longo, L. & Pantyukhina, I.Е. 2019, Современные археологические исследования в археологии. In: Прошлое человечества в трудах петербургских археологов на рубеже тысячелетий (К 100-летию создания российской академической археологии) (The past of humankind as seen by the Petersburg archaeologists at the dawn of the millennium (to the centennial of the Russian academic archaeology)) (Vinogradov, Y.A., Vasiliev, S.A. & Stepanova, K.N., Eds.). Петербургское Востоковедение (Petersburg Oriental Studies), St.-Petersburg: p. 157-165. (in Russian) (“Modern traceological studies in archaeology”)
Stepanova, K.N. 2015, Немодифицированные каменные орудия верхнего палеолита Восточной Европы. Dissertation abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. St.-Petersburg, 33 p. (in Russian) (“Unmodified Upper Paleolithic Stone Tools of Eastern Europe”)
Stepanova, K. 2020, Upper Palaeolithic grinding stones from Eastern European sites: An overview. Quaternary International, 541: 162-181. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.035
Sujka, M. & Jamroz, J. 2007, Starch granule porosity and its changes by means of amylolysis. International Agrophysics, 21(1): 107-113.
Sun, Zh. & Henson, C.A. 1990, Degradation of Native Starch Granules by Barley α-Glucosidases. Plant Physiology, 94 (1): 320-327. doi:10.1104/pp.94.1.320
Torrence, R. & Barton, H. (Eds.) 2006, Ancient starch research. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek: 256 p.
Torrence, R., Wright, R. & Conway, R. 2004, Identification of starch granules using image analysis and multivariate techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31: 519-532.
Vinogradova, E.A. & Leonova, N.B. 2016, Древнейший культурный слой стоянки Каменная Балка II. Исторический журнал: научные исследования (Historical journal: research), 6: 800-809. (in Russian) (“The oldest cultural layer of the Kamennaya Balka II site”)
Voevodsky, M.V. 1952, Палеолитическая стоянка Рабочий ров (Чулатово II). In: Ископаемый человек и его культура на территории СССР (Fossil man and his culture on the territory of the USSR) (Voevodsky, M.V. & Plisetsky, M.S., Eds.). Scientific notes of Moscow State University. Vol. 158. Moscow State University, Moscow: p. 101-132. (in Russian) (“Paleolithic site Rabochy rov (Chulatovo II)”)
Zamyatina, N.G. 2013, Кухня Робинзона. Рецепты блюд из дикорастущих растений и цветов, Центрполиграф (Centerpolygraph), Moscow: 670 p. (in Russian) (“Robinson's Kitchen. Recipes for dishes from wild plants and flowers”)
Published
15-Dec-2021
How to Cite
Skakun, N., Longo, L., Terekhina, V., Pantyukhina, I., Vinogradova, E., & Shulga, D. (2021). Functional use of large stone tool from the Upper Paleolithic site of Kamennaya Balka II (the Northern Azov Sea region, Russia). Journal of Lithic Studies, 8(2), 23 p. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.4504
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access journal. All material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence, unless otherwise stated.
Please read our Open Access, Copyright and Permissions policies for more information.
