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Rheological behavior of blood in Wistar rats with different total cholesterol levels

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Abstract

Blood is a rheologically complex suspension, in which the soluble fraction contains proteins, total cholesterol and triglycerides. The blood rheological behavior is strongly affected by the concentration of these components. This work evaluates the total cholesterol effect on the rheological behavior of Wistar rat blood by means of an in vitro study. Twenty-one rats were divided into 3 groups, each one had an assigned diet with different fat content: reference group (RG) with 3%, medium fat content group (MG) with 4.5% and high-fat content group (HG) with 6.5%; in the latter group, mixed-vegetable fat was added. From each group, intraocular representative blood samples were taken with time lapse of 15 days between each sampling followed by biochemical and hemo-rheological tests. The first analysis detected changes in total cholesterol levels, attributed to the rat metabolism, formation of adipose tissue and competition for food. The second test consisted in steady simple-shear and linear oscillatory flow. The linear viscoelastic spectra reveal that the viscous modulus is larger than the elastic modulus (Gʺ > G′), with simple-shear viscosity exhibiting shear-thinning behavior. An important finding is a pseudo-solid-like behavior at low frequencies (1 rad/s) akin to the presence of yield stresses in the high-fat content group after 30 days, revealing strong interactions between total cholesterol levels and blood cells. The hemo-rheological tests represent a promising alternative to identify pathologies present in the blood (total cholesterol, digestive problems, and diabetes).

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Abbreviations

\(\% \gamma\) :

Deformation percentage

\({\beta }_{i}\) :

ith Structural constant (BMP model)

\(\dot{\gamma }\) :

Shear rate

\({\eta }_{0,C}\) :

Low shear rate viscosity of isolated erythrocytes (mHAWB model)

\({\eta }_{0}\) :

Zero shear rate viscosity (BMP model)

\({\eta }_{0i}\) :

ith Zero shear rate viscosity (BMP model)

\({\eta }_{\infty ,C}\) :

High shear rate viscosity of isolated erythrocytes (mHAWB model)

\({\eta }_{\infty }\) :

High shear rate viscosity (BMP model)

\({\eta }_{\infty i}\) :

ith High shear rate viscosity (BMP model)

\({\eta }_{R}\) :

Structural viscosity of Rouleaux

\({\lambda }_{C}\) :

Critic relaxation time for the shear-thinning behavior (mHAWB model)

\({\lambda }_{b}\) :

Breakup time of the Rouleaux structures (mHAWB model)

\({\sigma }_{y}\) :

Yield stress

BMP:

Bautista–Manero–Puig

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

G′:

Elastic modulus

Gʺ:

Viscous modulus

G 0 :

Shear modulus (multimodal Maxwell model)

G 0 i :

ith Shear modulus (multimodal Maxwell model)

mHAWB:

Modified Horner–Armstrong–Wagner–Beris

HDL:

High-density lipoproteins

HG:

High fat content rat group

LDL:

Low-density lipoproteins

MG:

Medium fat content rat group

RG:

Reference rat group

SAOS:

Small-amplitude oscillatory shear

λ 0 :

Relaxation time (multimodal Maxwell model)

λ 0 i :

ith Relaxation time (multimodal Maxwell model)

\(K\) :

Power law consistency index

\(k\) :

Structure-destruction constant (BMP model)

\(n\) :

Power law flow index

\(\beta\) :

Structural constant (BMP model)

\(\lambda\) :

Dimensionless structural kinetic constant (mHAWB model)

\(\tau\) :

Shear stress

\(\omega\) :

Angular frequency

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior, S/N, C.U., 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico

    Luis Medina-Torres, Andrés Navarrete Castro & Ma. Josefa Bernad-Bernad

  2. Laboratorio de Reología y Fenómenos de Transporte, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza (UMIEZ) L-7 PP, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de mayo S/N, 09230, Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico

    Fausto Calderas

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la investigación científica S/N, C.U., 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico

    Luis Antonio Ramírez-Torres & Octavio Manero

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED), Avenida Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Mexico

    Diola-Marina Núñez–Ramírez

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  1. Luis Medina-Torres
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Correspondence to Luis Medina-Torres.

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Medina-Torres, L., Calderas, F., Ramírez-Torres, L.A. et al. Rheological behavior of blood in Wistar rats with different total cholesterol levels. Korea-Aust. Rheol. J. 34, 349–358 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13367-022-00040-z

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