Abstract
Line-intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging approach to survey the Universe, using relatively low-aperture instruments to scan large portions of the sky and collect the total spectral-line emission from galaxies and the intergalactic medium. Mapping the intensity fluctuations of an array of lines offers a unique opportunity to probe redshifts well beyond the reach of other cosmological observations, access regimes that cannot be explored otherwise, and exploit the enormous potential of cross-correlations with other measurements. This promises to deepen our understanding of various questions related to galaxy formation and evolution, cosmology, and fundamental physics. Here, we focus on lines ranging from microwave to optical frequencies, the emission of which is related to star formation in galaxies across cosmic history. Over the next decade, LIM will transition from a pathfinder era of first detections to an early-science era where data from more than a dozen missions will be harvested to yield new insights and discoveries. This review discusses the primary target lines for these missions, describes the different approaches to modeling their intensities and fluctuations, surveys the scientific prospects of their measurement, presents the formalism behind the statistical methods to analyze the data, and motivates the opportunities for synergy with other observables. Our goal is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the field for non-experts, as well as to serve as a comprehensive reference for specialists.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This simplified description ignores the role of fainter cooling lines, the dependence of the photo-electric efficiency of dust grains on their charge, and the saturation of the [CII] line at high temperatures and radiation intensities.
This has also been invoked to explain the [CII] deficit in some local galaxies (Herrera-Camus et al. 2018).
The specific intensity is sometimes denoted with \(I_\nu\) to distinguish it from the integrated intensity \(I_\nu {{\mathrm{d}}}\nu\). To simplify the notation, we do not follow this convention and use I to refer to specific intensities throughout this review.
A detailed discussion of a popular model for the CO line can be found in Li et al. (2016).
A log-normal scatter may not describe the whole population distribution accurately. For instance, star-forming and quenched galaxy populations can each introduce their own scatter, typically resulting in a bimodal distribution (Behroozi et al. 2019).
These values correspond to a Salpeter initial mass function and must be multiplied by 0.63 to convert them to the Chabrier initial mass function.
Fitting formulae relating IRX to the spectral index of the UV-continuum emission are also available.
Although there are still significant discrepancies among the gas properties and star-formation efficiencies (see e.g. Mitchell et al. 2018).
Note that this applies for observations that only use the auto-correlation of each antenna. The angular resolution for interferometric observations depends instead on the maximum baseline distance.
The minimum frequency division used in an experiment may be determined by its spectral resolution or by choices related with systematic effects of the analysis and map making.
The instrumental noise for interferometric experiments with simple configurations can be found in Bull et al. (2015).
For other contributions in the context of galaxy positions, see Di Dio et al. (2013).
We do not show the Vera Rubin Observatory, which targets the southern hemisphere, nor Euclid, which will survey the whole sky except for the Milky Way and the Ecliptic.
References
Abadi T, Kovetz ED (2021) Probing gravitational slip with strongly lensed fast radio bursts. Phys Rev D 104(10):103515. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.103515. arXiv:2109.00403
Abazajian KN et al (2016) CMB-S4 Science Book, 1st edn. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1610.02743 [astro-ph.CO]
Abbott BP et al (2017) Exploring the sensitivity of next generation gravitational wave detectors. Class Quantum Gravity 34(4):044001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/aa51f4. arXiv:1607.08697
Abbott BP et al (2018) Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with advanced LIGO, advanced Virgo and KAGRA. Living Rev Relativ 21:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00026-9. arXiv:1304.0670 [gr-qc]
Adams CB et al (2022) Axion dark matter. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2203.14923 [hep-ex]
Aghamousa A et al (2016) The DESI experiment part I: science,targeting, and survey design. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1611.00036
Aiola S et al (2020) The Atacama cosmology telescope: DR4 maps and cosmological parameters. JCAP 12:047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/047. arXiv:2007.07288
Alam S et al (2021) Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmological implications from two decades of spectroscopic surveys at the Apache Point Observatory. Phys Rev D 103(8):083533. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.083533. arXiv:2007.08991
Alcock C, Paczynski B (1979) An evolution free test for non-zero cosmological constant. Nature 281:358–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/281358a0
Allison R, Caucal P, Calabrese E, Dunkley J, Louis T (2015) Towards a cosmological neutrino mass detection. Phys Rev D 92(12):123535. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.123535. arXiv:1509.07471
Alonso D, Ferreira PG, Jarvis MJ, Moodley K (2017) Calibrating photometric redshifts with intensity mapping observations. Phys Rev D 96(4):043515. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.043515. arXiv:1704.01941
Amiri M et al (2021) The first CHIME/FRB fast radio burst catalog. Astrophys J Supp 257(2):59. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac33ab. arXiv:2106.04352
Anderson CJ, Switzer ER, Breysse PC (2022) Constraining low redshift [C II] emission by cross-correlating FIRAS and BOSS data. Mon Not R Astron Soc 514(1):1169–1187. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1301. arXiv:2202.00203 [astro-ph.CO]
Aravena M et al (2021) CCAT-prime Collaboration: science goals and forecasts with prime-cam on the Fred Young submillimeter telescope. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2107.10364 [astro-ph.CO]
Artale MC, Mapelli M, Bouffanais Y et al (2020) Mass and star formation rate of the host galaxies of compact binary mergers across cosmic time. Mon Not R Astron Soc 491(3):3419–3434. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3190. arXiv:1910.04890
Barkana R, Loeb A (2001) In the beginning: the first sources of light and the reionization of the Universe. Phys Rep 349:125–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9. arXiv:astro-ph/0010468
Barkana R, Loeb A (2011) Scale-dependent bias of galaxies from baryonic acoustic oscillations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 415:3113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18922.x. arXiv:1009.1393
Barreira A (2022) Can we actually constrain \(f_{{{\rm NL}}}\) using the scale-dependent bias effect? An illustration of the impact of galaxy bias uncertainties using the BOSS DR12 galaxy power spectrum. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2205.05673 [astro-ph.CO]
Bartolo N, Matarrese S, Riotto A (2001) Adiabatic and isocurvature perturbations from inflation: power spectra and consistency relations. Phys Rev D 64:123504. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.64.123504. arXiv:astro-ph/0107502
Bauer JB, Marsh DJE, Hložek R, Padmanabhan H, Laguë A (2020) Intensity mapping as a probe of axion dark matter. Mon Not R Astron Soc 500(3):3162–3177. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3300. arXiv:2003.09655
Baumann DD, Beutler F, Flauger R et al (2019) First constraint on the neutrino-induced phase shift in the spectrum of baryon acoustic oscillations. Nat Phys 15:465–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0435-6. arXiv:1803.10741
Beane A, Lidz A (2018) Extracting bias using the cross-bispectrum: an EoR and 21 cm-[CII]-[CII] case study. Astrophys J 867(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae388. arXiv:1806.02796
Beane A, Villaescusa-Navarro F, Lidz A (2019) Measuring the EoR power spectrum without measuring the EoR power spectrum. Astrophys J 874(2):133. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0a08. arXiv:1811.10609
Behroozi P, Wechsler RH, Hearin AP, Conroy C (2019) UniverseMachine: the correlation between galaxy growth and dark matter halo assembly from z = 0–10. Mon Not R Astron Soc 488(3):3143–3194. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1182. arXiv:1806.07893
Bernal JL, Verde L, Riess AG (2016) The trouble with \(H_0\). JCAP 10:019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/10/019. arXiv:1607.05617
Bernal JL, Breysse PC, Gil-Marín H, Kovetz ED (2019a) User’s guide to extracting cosmological information from line-intensity maps. Phys Rev D 100(12):123522. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.123522. arXiv:1907.10067
Bernal JL, Breysse PC, Kovetz ED (2019b) Cosmic expansion history from line-intensity mapping. Phys Rev Lett 123(25):251301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.251301. arXiv:1907.10065
Bernal JL, Raccanelli A, Kovetz ED et al (2019c) Probing \(\varLambda\)CDM cosmology with the Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey. JCAP 02:030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/030. arXiv:1810.06672
Bernal JL, Smith TL, Boddy KK, Kamionkowski M (2020) Robustness of baryon acoustic oscillation constraints for early-Universe modifications of \(\varLambda\)CDM cosmology. Phys Rev D 102(12):123515. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.123515. arXiv:2004.07263
Bernal JL, Caputo A, Kamionkowski M (2021a) Strategies to detect dark-matter decays with line-intensity mapping. Phys Rev D 103(6):063523. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.063523. arXiv:2012.00771
Bernal JL, Caputo A, Villaescusa-Navarro F, Kamionkowski M (2021b) Searching for the radiative decay of the cosmic neutrino background with line-intensity mapping. Phys Rev Lett 127(13):131102. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.131102. arXiv:2103.12099 [hep-ph]
Bernal JL, Sato-Polito G, Kamionkowski M (2022) The cosmic optical background excess, dark matter, and line-intensity mapping. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2203.11236 [astro-ph.CO]
Bethermin M, Wu HY, Lagache G et al (2017) The impact of clustering and angular resolution on far-infrared and millimeter continuum observations. Astron Astrophys 607:A89. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730866. arXiv:1703.08795
Bethermin M et al (2022) CONCERTO: high-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2204.12827 [astro-ph.GA]
Birkinshaw M, Gull SF (1983) A test for transverse motions of clusters of galaxies. Nature 302(5906):315–317. https://doi.org/10.1038/302315a0
Bisbas TG, Papadopoulos PP, Viti S (2015) Effective destruction of co by cosmic rays: implications for tracing \(\text{ H}_{2}\) gas in the universe. Astrophys J 803(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/803/1/37. arXiv:1502.04198
Bolatto AD, Wolfire M, Leroy AK (2013) The CO-to-H2 conversion factor. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 51:207–268. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140944. arXiv:1301.3498
Bouwens R, González-López J, Aravena M et al (2020) The ALMA spectroscopic survey large program: the infrared excess of \(z = 1.5-10\) UV-selected galaxies and the implied high-redshift star formation history. Astrophys J 902(2):112. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb830. arXiv:2009.10727
Breysse PC, Alexandroff RM (2019) Observing AGN feedback with CO intensity mapping. Mon Not R Astron Soc 490(1):260–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2534. arXiv:1904.03197
Breysse PC, Rahman M (2017) Feeding cosmic star formation: exploring high-redshift molecular gas with CO intensity mapping. Mon Not R Astron Soc 468(1):741–750. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx451. arXiv:1606.07820
Breysse PC, Kovetz ED, Kamionkowski M (2015) Masking line foregrounds in intensity mapping surveys. Mon Not R Astron Soc 452(4):3408–3418. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1476. arXiv:1503.05202
Breysse PC, Kovetz ED, Behroozi PS, Dai L, Kamionkowski M (2017) Insights from probability distribution functions of intensity maps. Mon Not R Astron Soc 467(3):2996–3010. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx203. arXiv:1609.01728
Breysse PC, Anderson CJ, Berger P (2019) Canceling out intensity mapping foregrounds. Phys Rev Lett 123(23):231105231105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.231105. arXiv:1907.04369
Breysse PC et al (2021) COMAP early science: VII. Prospects for CO intensity mapping at reionization. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2111.05933
Breysse PC, Foreman S, Keating LC, Meyers J, Murray N (2022) Mapping the Universe in hydrogen deuteride. Phys Rev D 105(8):083009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.083009. arXiv:2104.06422
Bromm V (2013) Formation of the first stars. Rep Prog Phys 76:112901. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/76/11/112901. arXiv:1305.5178
Brout D et al (2022) The Pantheon+ analysis: cosmological constraints. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2202.04077 [astro-ph.CO]
Brown T, Wilson CD (2019) Extreme CO isotopologue line ratios in ULIRGS: evidence for a top-heavy IMF. Astrophys J 879(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2246. arXiv:1905.06950
Bull P, Ferreira PG, Patel P, Santos MG (2015) Late-time cosmology with 21 cm intensity mapping experiments. Astrophys J 803(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/803/1/21. arXiv:1405.1452
Byun J, Franco FO, Howlett C, Bonvin C, Obreschkow D (2020) Constraining the growth rate of structure with phase correlations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 497(2):1765–1790. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2020. arXiv:2005.06325
Carilli C, Walter F (2013) Cool gas in high redshift galaxies. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 51:105–161. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140953. arXiv:1301.0371
Carniani S et al (2020) Missing [C II] emission from early galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 499(4):5136–5150. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3178. arXiv:2006.09402
Carter P, Beutler F, Percival WJ et al (2020) The impact of the fiducial cosmology assumption on BAO distance scale measurements. Mon Not R Astron Soc 494(2):2076–2089. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa761. arXiv:1906.03035
Casey CM, Zavala JA, Spilker J et al (2018) The brightest galaxies in the dark ages: galaxies’ dust continuum emission during the reionization era. Astrophys J 862(1):77. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac82d. arXiv:1805.10301
Castorina E, White M (2019) Measuring the growth of structure with intensity mapping surveys. JCAP 06:025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/06/025. arXiv:1902.07147
Cen R, Ostriker JP (1999) Where are the baryons? Astrophys J 514:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1086/306949. arXiv:astro-ph/9806281
Chang TC, Gong Y, Santos M et al (2015) Synergy of CO/[CII]/\(\text{ Ly }\alpha\) line intensity mapping with the SKA. PoS AASKA14:004. https://doi.org/10.22323/1.215.0004. arXiv:1501.04654
Chen C, Pullen AR (2022) Removing interlopers from intensity mapping probes of primordial non-Gaussianity. Mon Not R Astron Soc 512(3):4262–4271. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac743. arXiv:2110.04460
Chen SF, Vlah Z, White M (2020) Modeling features in the redshift-space halo power spectrum with perturbation theory. JCAP 11:035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/035. arXiv:2007.00704
Cheng YT, Chang TC (2022) Cosmic near-infrared background tomography with SPHEREx using galaxy cross-correlations. Astrophys J 925(2):136. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3aee. arXiv:2109.10914 [astro-ph.CO]
Cheng YT, Chang TC, Bock J, Bradford CM, Cooray A (2016) Spectral line de-confusion in an intensity mapping survey. Astrophys J 832(2):165. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/165. arXiv:1604.07833
Cheng YT, Chang TC, Bock JJ (2020) Phase-space spectral line deconfusion in intensity mapping. Astrophys J 901(2):142. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb023. arXiv:2005.05341
Chevallard J, Charlot S (2016) Modelling and interpreting spectral energy distributions of galaxies with BEAGLE. Mon Not R Astron Soc 462(2):1415–1443. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1756. arXiv:1603.03037
Chung DT (2019) A partial inventory of observational anisotropies in single-dish line-intensity mapping. Astrophys J 881(2):149. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3040. arXiv:1905.00209 [Erratum: Astrophys J 908:115 (2021)]
Chung DT (2022) Cross-correlations between mm-wave line-intensity mapping and weak-lensing surveys: preliminary consideration of long-term prospects. Mon Not R Astron Soc 513(3):4090–4106. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1142. arXiv:2203.12581 [astro-ph.CO]
Chung DT, Li TY, Viero MP, Church SE, Wechsler RH (2017) On estimation of contamination from hydrogen cyanide in carbon monoxide line intensity mapping. Astrophys J 846(1):60. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8624. arXiv:1706.03005
Chung DT et al (2019) Cross-correlating carbon monoxide line-intensity maps with spectroscopic and photometric galaxy surveys. Astrophys J 872(2):186. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0027. arXiv:1809.04550
Chung DT, Viero MP, Church SE, Wechsler RH (2020) Forecasting [C II] line-intensity mapping measurements between the end of reionization and the epoch of galaxy assembly. Astrophys J 892:51. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab798f. arXiv:1812.08135
Chung DT et al (2021) A model of spectral line broadening in signal forecasts for line-intensity mapping experiments. Astrophys J 923(2):188. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2a35. arXiv:2104.11171
Cleary KA et al (2022) COMAP early science: I. Overview. Astrophys J 933:182. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac63cc. arXiv:2111.05927
Comaschi P, Ferrara A (2016) Empowering line intensity mapping to study early galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 463(3):3078–3082. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2199. arXiv:1605.06124
Comaschi P, Yue B, Ferrara A (2016) Observational challenges in Ly\(\alpha\) intensity mapping. Mon Not R Astron Soc 463(3):3193–3203. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2198. arXiv:1605.05733
Concerto Collaboration, Ade P, Aravena M et al (2020) A wide field-of-view low-resolution spectrometer at APEX: instrument design and scientific forecast. Astron Astrophys 642:A60. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038456
Cooray A, Sheth RK (2002) Halo models of large scale structure. Phys Rep 372:1–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00276-4. arXiv:astro-ph/0206508
Cooray A et al (2016) Cosmic dawn intensity mapper. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1602.05178 [astro-ph.CO]
Cooray A, Chang TC, Unwin S et al (2019) Cosmic dawn intensity mapper. Bull Am Astron Soc 51:23. arXiv:1903.03144
Creque-Sarbinowski C, Kamionkowski M (2018) Searching for decaying and annihilating dark matter with line intensity mapping. Phys Rev D 98(6):063524. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.063524. arXiv:1806.11119
Croft RAC, Miralda-Escudé J, Zheng Z, Blomqvist M, Pieri M (2018) Intensity mapping with SDSS/BOSS Lyman-\(\alpha\) emission, quasars, and their Lyman-\(\alpha\) forest. Mon Not R Astron Soc 481(1):1320–1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2302. arXiv:1806.06050
Daddi E, Elbaz D, Walter F et al (2010) Different star formation laws for disks versus starbursts at low and high redshifts. Astrophys J Lett 714:L118. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/714/1/L118. arXiv:1003.3889
De Looze I, Baes M, Bendo GJ, Cortese L, Fritz J (2011) The reliability of [CII] as a star formation rate indicator. Mon Not R Astron Soc 416:2712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19223.x. arXiv:1106.1643
De Looze I et al (2014) The applicability of far-infrared fine-structure lines as star formation rate tracers over wide ranges of metallicities and galaxy types. Astron Astrophys 568:A62. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322489. arXiv:1402.4075
Di Dio E, Montanari F, Lesgourgues J, Durrer R (2013) The CLASSgal code for relativistic cosmological large scale structure. JCAP 11:044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2013/11/044. arXiv:1307.1459
Doré O, Bock J, Ashby M et al (2014) Cosmology with the SPHEREX All-Sky Spectral Survey. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1412.4872
Dvorkin C, Blum K, Kamionkowski M (2014) Constraining dark matter-baryon scattering with linear cosmology. Phys Rev D 89(2):023519. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.023519. arXiv:1311.2937
Dvorkin I, Vangioni E, Silk J, Uzan JP, Olive KA (2016) Metallicity-constrained merger rates of binary black holes and the stochastic gravitational wave background. Mon Not R Astron Soc 461(4):3877–3885. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1477. arXiv:1604.04288
Ferrara A, Vallini L, Pallottini A et al (2019) A physical model for [C II] line emission from galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 489(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2031. arXiv:1908.07536
Fialkov A, Loeb A (2016) Constraining the CMB optical depth through the dispersion measure of cosmological radio transients. JCAP 05:004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/05/004. arXiv:1602.08130
Fialkov A, Loeb A (2017) A fast radio burst occurs every second throughout the observable universe. Astrophys J Lett 846(2):L27. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8905. arXiv:1706.06582
Fonseca J, Camera S, Santos M, Maartens R (2015) Hunting down horizon-scale effects with multi-wavelength surveys. Astrophys J Lett 812(2):L22. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/812/2/L22. arXiv:1507.04605
Fonseca J, Silva M, Santos MG, Cooray A (2017) Cosmology with intensity mapping techniques using atomic and molecular lines. Mon Not R Astron Soc 464(2):1948–1965. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2470. arXiv:1607.05288
Foreman S, Meerburg PD, van Engelen A, Meyers J (2018) Lensing reconstruction from line intensity maps: the impact of gravitational nonlinearity. JCAP 07:046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/07/046. arXiv:1803.04975
Freedman WL (2021) Measurements of the Hubble constant: tensions in perspective. Astrophys J 919(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0e95. arXiv:2106.15656
Furlanetto S, Oh SP, Briggs F (2006) Cosmology at low frequencies: the 21 cm transition and the high-redshift universe. Phys Rep 433:181–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2006.08.002. arXiv:astro-ph/0608032
Gebhardt K et al (2021) The Hobby–Eberly telescope dark energy experiment (HETDEX) survey design, reductions, and detections. Astrophys J 923(2):217. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2e03. arXiv:2110.04298
Genzel R et al (2012) The metallicity dependence of the CO \(\rightarrow\)\(\text{ H}_2\) conversion factor in \(z \geqslant 1\) star forming galaxies. Astrophys J 746:69. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/69. arXiv:1106.2098
George EM et al (2015) A measurement of secondary cosmic microwave background anisotropies from the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey. Astrophys J 799(2):177. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/177. arXiv:1408.3161
Gil-Marín H, Wagner C, Noreña J, Verde L, Percival W (2014) Dark matter and halo bispectrum in redshift space: theory and applications. JCAP 12:029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/12/029. arXiv:1407.1836
Gong Y, Cooray A, Silva M et al (2012) Intensity mapping of the [CII] fine structure line during the epoch of reionization. Astrophys J 745:49. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/49. arXiv:1107.3553
Gong Y, Silva M, Cooray A, Santos MG (2014) Foreground contamination in \(\text{ Ly}{\alpha }\) intensity mapping during the epoch of reionization. Astrophys J 785:72. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/72. arXiv:1312.2035
Gong Y, Cooray A, Silva MB et al (2017) Intensity mapping of H\(\alpha\), H\(\beta\), [OII], and [OIII] lines at \(\text{ z } < 5\). Astrophys J 835(2):273. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/273. arXiv:1610.09060
Gong Y, Chen X, Cooray A (2020) Cosmological constraints from line intensity mapping with interlopers. Astrophys J 894(2):152. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab87a0. arXiv:2001.10792
Grogin NA et al (2011) CANDELS: the cosmic assembly near-infrared deep extragalactic legacy survey. Astrophys J Suppl 197:35. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/35. arXiv:1105.3753
Guo Q, White S, Boylan-Kolchin M et al (2011) From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology. Mon Not R Astron Soc 413:101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18114.x. arXiv:1006.0106
Hand N et al (2012) Evidence of galaxy cluster motions with the kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect. Phys Rev Lett 109:041101. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.041101. arXiv:1203.4219
Hannestad S (2005) Neutrino masses and the dark energy equation of state—relaxing the cosmological neutrino mass bound. Phys Rev Lett 95:221301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.221301. arXiv:astro-ph/0505551
Harikane Y, Ouchi M, Shibuya T et al (2018) SILVERRUSH. V. Census of Ly\(\alpha\), [O III] \(\lambda\)5007, H\(\alpha\), and [C II] 158 \(\mu\)m line emission with \(\sim\)1000 LAEs at \(z\) = 4.9–7.0 revealed with Subaru/HSC. Astrophys J 859(2):84. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabd80. arXiv:1711.03735
Herrera-Camus R, Bolatto A, Smith JD et al (2016) The ionized gas in nearby galaxies as traced by the [N II] 122 and 205 \(\mu\)m transitions. Astrophys J 826(2):175. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/175. arXiv:1605.03180
Herrera-Camus R, Sturm E, Graciá-Carpio J et al (2018) SHINING, a survey of far-infrared lines in nearby galaxies. II. Line-deficit models, AGN impact, [C II]-SFR scaling relations, and mass-metallicity relation in (U)LIRGs. Astrophys J 861(2):95. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac0f9. arXiv:1803.04422
Heymans C et al (2021) KiDS-1000 cosmology: multi-probe weak gravitational lensing and spectroscopic galaxy clustering constraints. Astron Astrophys 646:A140. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039063. arXiv:2007.15632
Hivon E, Gorski KM, Netterfield CB et al (2002) Master of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectrum: a fast method for statistical analysis of large and complex cosmic microwave background data sets. Astrophys J 567:2. https://doi.org/10.1086/338126. arXiv:astro-ph/0105302
Hlozek R, Grin D, Marsh DJE, Ferreira PG (2015) A search for ultralight axions using precision cosmological data. Phys Rev D 91(10):103512. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.91.103512. arXiv:1410.2896
Hotinli SC, Meyers J, Trendafilova C, Green D, van Engelen A (2022) The benefits of CMB delensing. JCAP 04(04):020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/04/020. arXiv:2111.15036
Hughes TM, Foyle K, Schirm MRP et al (2015) Insights into gas heating and cooling in the disc of NGC 891 from Herschel far-infrared spectroscopy. Astron Astrophys 575:A17. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424732. arXiv:1410.6156
Ihle HT et al (2019) Joint power spectrum and voxel intensity distribution forecast on the CO luminosity function with COMAP. Astrophys J 871(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf4bc. arXiv:1808.07487
Jackson JC (1972) Fingers of God: a critique of Rees’ theory of primoridal gravitational radiation. Mon Not R Astron Soc 156:1P-5P. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/156.1.1P. arXiv:0810.3908 [astro-ph]
Kaiser N (1987) Clustering in real space and in redshift space. Mon Not R Astron Soc 227:1–27
Kakuma R et al (2021) SILVERRUSH. IX. \(\text{ Ly }\alpha\) intensity mapping with star-forming galaxies at \(z\) = 5.7 and 6.6: a possible detection of extended \(\text{ Ly }{\alpha }\) emission at \(\gtrsim\)100 comoving kiloparsecs around and beyond the virial-radius scale of galaxy dark matter halos. Astrophys J 916(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0725. arXiv:1906.00173
Kamenetzky J, Rangwala N, Glenn J, Maloney PR, Conley A (2016) \(\text{ L}_{{{\rm CO}}}\)/\(\text{ L}_{{{\rm FIR}}}\) Relations with CO rotational ladders of galaxies across the Herschel SPIRE archive. Astrophys J 829(2):93. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/93. arXiv:1508.05102
Kamionkowski M, Kovetz ED (2016) The quest for B modes from inflationary gravitational waves. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 54:227–269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023433. arXiv:1510.06042
Kannan R, Garaldi E, Smith A et al (2022) Introducing the Thesan project: radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the epoch of reionization. Mon Not R Astron Soc 511(3):4005–4030. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3710. arXiv:2110.00584
Karagiannis D, Slosar A, Liguori M (2020) Forecasts on primordial non-Gaussianity from 21 cm intensity mapping experiments. JCAP 11:052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/052. arXiv:1911.03964
Karkare KS (2019) Delensing degree-scale \(B\)-mode polarization with high-redshift line intensity mapping. Phys Rev D 100(4):043529. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.043529. arXiv:1908.08128
Karkare KS et al (2022a) SPT-SLIM: a line intensity mapping pathfinder for the south pole telescope. J Low Temp Phys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-022-02702-2. arXiv:2111.04631
Karkare KS, Dizgah AM, Keating GK, Breysse P, Chung DT (2022b) Snowmass 2021 cosmic frontier white paper: cosmology with millimeter-wave line intensity mapping. In: 2022 Snowmass summer study. arXiv:2203.07258
Karoumpis C, Magnelli B, Romano-Díaz E, Haslbauer M, Bertoldi F (2022) [CII] line intensity mapping the epoch of reionization with the Prime-Cam on FYST. I. Line intensity mapping predictions using the Illustris TNG hydrodynamical simulation. Astron Astrophys 659:A12. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141293. arXiv:2111.12847
Keating GK et al (2015) First results from COPSS: the CO power spectrum survey. Astrophys J 814(2):140. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/140. arXiv:1510.06744
Keating GK, Marrone DP, Bower GC et al (2016) COPSS II: the molecular gas content of ten million cubic megaparsecs at redshift z \(\sim\) 3. Astrophys J 830(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/34. arXiv:1605.03971
Keating GK, Marrone DP, Bower GC, Keenan RP (2020) An intensity mapping detection of aggregate CO line emission at 3 mm. Astrophys J 901(2):141. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb08e. arXiv:2008.08087
Keenan RP, Marrone DP, Keating GK (2020) Biases and cosmic variance in molecular gas abundance measurements at high redshift. Astrophys J 904(2):127. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbd9b. arXiv:2010.00609 [astro-ph.GA]
Keenan RP, Keating GK, Marrone DP (2022) An intensity mapping constraint on the CO-galaxy cross-power spectrum at redshift \(\sim\)3. Astrophys J 927(2):161. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4888. arXiv:2110.02239 [astro-ph.GA]
Kennicutt RC Jr (1998) Star formation in galaxies along the Hubble sequence. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 36:189–231. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.189. arXiv:astro-ph/9807187
Kennicutt J, Robert C, De Los Reyes MAC (2021) Revisiting the integrated star formation law. II. Starbursts and the combined global Schmidt law. Astrophys J 908(1):61. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd3a2. arXiv:2012.05363
Kewley LJ, Nicholls DC, Sutherland RS (2019) Understanding galaxy evolution through emission lines. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 57:511–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832. arXiv:1910.09730
Kikuchihara S, Harikane Y, Ouchi M et al (2022) SILVERRUSH. XII. Intensity mapping for Ly\(\alpha\) emission extending over 100–1000 comoving Kpc around \(z \sim 2-7\) LAEs with Subaru HSC-SSP and CHORUS data. Astrophys J 931(2):97. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac69de. arXiv:2108.09288 [astro-ph.GA]
Klaassen PD, Mroczkowski TK, Cicone C et al (2020) The Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST). In: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol 11445. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2561315. arXiv:2011.07974
Kovetz ED, Raccanelli A, Rahman M (2017a) Cosmological constraints with clustering-based redshifts. Mon Not R Astron Soc 468(3):3650–3656. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx691. arXiv:1606.07434 [astro-ph.CO]
Kovetz ED et al (2017b) Line-intensity mapping: 2017 Status Report. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1709.09066 [astro-ph.CO]
Kravtsov AV, Berlind AA, Wechsler RH et al (2004) The dark side of the halo occupation distribution. Astrophys J 609:35–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/420959. arXiv:astro-ph/0308519
Krumholz MR (2014) DESPOTIC—a new software library to derive the energetics and spectra of optically thick interstellar clouds. Mon Not R Astron Soc 437(2):1662–1680. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2000. arXiv:1304.2404
Krumholz MR, Leroy AK, McKee CF (2011) What phase of the interstellar medium correlates with the star formation rate? Astrophys J 731:25. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/25. arXiv:1101.1296
La Plante P, Lidz A, Aguirre J, Kohn S (2020) The 21 cm kSZ–kSZ bispectrum during the epoch of reionization. Astrophys J 899(1):40. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba2ed. arXiv:2005.07206
Laporte N et al (2019) The absence of [C II] 158 \(\mu\)m emission in spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at \(z > 8\). Mon Not R Astron Soc 487(1):L81–L85. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slz094. arXiv:1906.01937
Lesgourgues J, Mangano G, Miele G, Pastor S (2013) Neutrino cosmology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Lewis A, Challinor A (2006) Weak gravitational lensing of the CMB. Phys Rep 429:1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2006.03.002. arXiv:astro-ph/0601594
Li TY, Wechsler RH, Devaraj K, Church SE (2016) Connecting CO intensity mapping to molecular gas and star formation in the epoch of galaxy assembly. Astrophys J 817(2):169. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/169. arXiv:1503.08833
Libanore S, Artale MC, Karagiannis D et al (2021) Gravitational wave mergers as tracers of large scale structures. JCAP 02:035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/02/035. arXiv:2007.06905
Libanore S, Unal C, Sarkar D, Kovetz ED (2022) Unveiling cosmological information on small scales with line intensity mapping. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2208.01658 [astro-ph.CO]
Lidz A, Taylor J (2016) On removing interloper contamination from intensity mapping power spectrum measurements. Astrophys J 825:143. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/825/2/143. arXiv:1604.05737
Lidz A, Furlanetto SR, Oh SP et al (2011) Intensity mapping with carbon monoxide emission lines and the redshifted 21 cm line. Astrophys J 741:70. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/70. arXiv:1104.4800
Liu RH, Breysse PC (2021) Coupling parsec and gigaparsec scales: primordial non-Gaussianity with multitracer intensity mapping. Phys Rev D 103(6):063520. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.063520. arXiv:2002.10483
Liu A, Pritchard JR, Allison R et al (2016a) Eliminating the optical depth nuisance from the CMB with 21 cm cosmology. Phys Rev D 93(4):043013. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.043013. arXiv:1509.08463
Liu A, Zhang Y, Parsons AR (2016b) Spherical harmonic analyses of intensity mapping power spectra. Astrophys J 833(2):242. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/242. arXiv:1609.04401
Madau P, Dickinson M (2014) Cosmic star formation history. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 52:415–486. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615. arXiv:1403.0007
Madhavacheril MS, Battaglia N, Smith KM, Sievers JL (2019) Cosmology with the kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect: breaking the optical depth degeneracy with fast radio bursts. Phys Rev D 100(10):103532. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.103532. arXiv:1901.02418
Maggiore M et al (2020) Science case for the Einstein telescope. JCAP 03:050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/050. arXiv:1912.02622
Maldacena JM (2003) Non-Gaussian features of primordial fluctuations in single field inflationary models. JHEP 05:013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2003/05/013. arXiv:astro-ph/0210603
Maniyar AS, Schaan E, Pullen AR (2022) New probe of the high-redshift Universe: nulling CMB lensing with interloper-free line intensity mapping pair lensing. Phys Rev D 105(8):083509. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.083509. arXiv:2106.09005
Mas-Ribas L, Chang TC (2020) Lyman-\(\alpha\) polarization intensity mapping. Phys Rev D 101(8):083032. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.083032. arXiv:2002.04107
Mas-Ribas L, Sun G, Chang TC, Gonzalez MO, Mebane RH (2022) LIMFAST. I. A semi-numerical tool for line intensity mapping. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2206.14185 [astro-ph.CO]
Mashian N, Sternberg A, Loeb A (2015a) Predicting the intensity mapping signal for multi-\(J\) CO lines. JCAP 11:028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/11/028. arXiv:1507.02686
Mashian N, Sternberg A, Loeb A (2015b) Predicting the intensity mapping signal for multi-\(J\) CO lines. JCAP 11:028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/11/028. arXiv:1507.02686
Matarrese S, Verde L (2008) The effect of primordial non-Gaussianity on halo bias. Astrophys J Lett 677:L77–L80. https://doi.org/10.1086/587840. arXiv:0801.4826 [astro-ph]
Meerburg PD et al (2019) Primordial non-Gaussianity. Bull Am Astron Soc 51(3):107 arXiv:1903.04409 [astro-ph.CO]
Ménard B, Scranton R, Schmidt S et al (2013) Clustering-based redshift estimation: method and application to data. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1303.4722 [astro-ph.CO]
Mesinger A, Furlanetto S (2007) Efficient simulations of early structure formation and reionization. Astrophys J 669:663. https://doi.org/10.1086/521806. arXiv:0704.0946 [astro-ph]
Mesinger A, Furlanetto S, Cen R (2011) 21cmFAST: a fast, semi-numerical simulation of the high-redshift 21-cm signal. Mon Not R Astron Soc 411:955. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17731.x. arXiv:1003.3878
Mitchell PD, Lacey CG, Lagos CDP et al (2018) Comparing galaxy formation in semi-analytic models and hydrodynamical simulations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 474(1):492–521. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2770. arXiv:1709.08647
Modi C, White M, Slosar A, Castorina E (2019) Reconstructing large-scale structure with neutral hydrogen surveys. JCAP 11:023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/11/023. arXiv:1907.02330 [astro-ph.CO]
Moradinezhad Dizgah A, Keating GK, Fialkov A (2019) Probing cosmic origins with CO and [CII] emission lines. Astrophys J Lett 870(1):L4. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf813. arXiv:1801.10178
Moradinezhad Dizgah A, Keating GK, Karkare KS, Crites A, Choudhury SR (2022a) Neutrino properties with ground-based millimeter-wavelength line intensity mapping. Astrophys J 926(2):137. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3edd. arXiv:2110.00014
Moradinezhad Dizgah A, Nikakhtar F, Keating GK, Castorina E (2022b) Precision tests of CO and [CII] power spectra models against simulated intensity maps. JCAP 02(02):026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/02/026. arXiv:2111.03717
Moriwaki K, Shirasaki M, Yoshida N (2021) Deep learning for line intensity mapping observations: information extraction from noisy maps. Astrophys J Lett 906(1):L1. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abd17f. arXiv:2010.00809
Mukherjee S, Dizgah AM (2021) Towards a precision measurement of binary black holes formation channels using gravitational waves and emission lines. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2111.13166 [astro-ph.GA]
Muñoz JB, Kovetz ED, Raccanelli A, Kamionkowski M, Silk J (2017) Towards a measurement of the spectral runnings. JCAP 05:032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2017/05/032. arXiv:1611.05883
Muñoz JB, Dvorkin C, Cyr-Racine FY (2020) Probing the small-scale matter power spectrum with large-scale 21-cm data. Phys Rev D 101(6):063526. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.063526. arXiv:1911.11144
Narayanan D, Walker CK, Groppi CE (2005) Warm-dense molecular gas in the ISM of starbursts, LIRGs and ULIRGs. Astrophys J 630:269–279. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/921. arXiv:astro-ph/0504412 [Erratum: Astrophys J 642:616 (2006), Erratum: Astrophys J 721:921 (2010)]
Niemeyer ML et al (2022) Surface brightness profile of Lyman-\(\alpha\) Halos out to 320 kpc in HETDEX. Astrophys J 929(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5cb8. arXiv:2203.04826 [astro-ph.GA]
Osterbrock DE, Ferland GJ (2006) Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei, 2nd edn. University Science Books, Sausalito
Ouchi M, Ono Y, Shibuya T (2020) Observations of the Lyman-\(\alpha\) Universe. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 58:617–659. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021859. arXiv:2012.07960
Oxholm TM, Switzer ER (2021) Intensity mapping without cosmic variance. Phys Rev D 104(8):083501. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.083501. arXiv:2107.02111
Padmanabhan H (2019) Constraining the evolution of [C II] intensity through the end stages of reionization. Mon Not R Astron Soc 488(3):3014–3023. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1878. arXiv:1811.01968
Pallottini A, Ferrara A, Gallerani S et al (2022) A survey of high-\(z\) galaxies: SERRA simulations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 513(4):5621–5641. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1281. arXiv:2201.02636 [astro-ph.GA]
Parsons J, Mas-Ribas L, Sun G et al (2022) Probing population III initial mass functions with He II/H\(\alpha\) intensity mapping. Astrophys J 933(2):141. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac746b. arXiv:2112.06407 [astro-ph.GA]
Pfeffer DN, Breysse PC, Stein G (2019) Deconfusing intensity maps with neural networks. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1905.10376 [astro-ph.CO]
Pizzati E, Ferrara A, Pallottini A et al (2020) Outflows and extended [C II] haloes in high-redshift galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 495(1):160–172. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1163. arXiv:2001.10547
Planck Collaboration, Abergel A et al (2014) Planck intermediate results. XVII. Emission of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium from the far-infrared to microwave frequencies. Astron Astrophys 566:A55. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201323270. arXiv:1312.5446
Planck Collaboration, Aghanim N et al (2016) Planck intermediate results. XLVIII. Disentangling Galactic dust emission and cosmic infrared background anisotropies. Astron Astrophys 596:A109. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629022. arXiv:1605.09387
Planck Collaboration, Aghanim N et al (2020) Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astron Astrophys 641:A6. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. arXiv:1807.06209 [Erratum: Astron Astrophys 652:C4 (2021)]
Popping G, Narayanan D, Somerville RS, Faisst AL, Krumholz MR (2019) The art of modelling CO, [C I], and [C II] in cosmological galaxy formation models. Mon Not R Astron Soc 482(4):4906–4932. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2969. arXiv:1805.11093
Poulin V, Smith TL, Karwal T, Kamionkowski M (2019) Early dark energy can resolve the Hubble tension. Phys Rev Lett 122(22):221301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221301. arXiv:1811.04083
Pritchard JR, Loeb A (2012) 21-cm cosmology. Rep Prog Phys 75:086901. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/75/8/086901. arXiv:1109.6012
Pullen A, Chang TC, Dore O, Lidz A (2013) Cross-correlations as a carbon monoxide detector. Astrophys J 768:15. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/15. arXiv:1211.1397
Pullen AR, Dore O, Bock J (2014) Intensity mapping across cosmic times with the Lyα line. Astrophys J 786:111. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/111. arXiv:1309.2295
Pullen AR, Serra P, Chang TC, Dore O, Ho S (2018) Search for CII emission on cosmological scales at redshift \(z \sim 2.6\). Mon Not R Astron Soc 478(2):1911–1924. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1243. arXiv:1707.06172
Raccanelli A, Samushia L, Percival WJ (2010) Simulating redshift-space distortions for galaxy pairs with wide angular separation. Mon Not R Astron Soc 409:1525. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17388.x. arXiv:1006.1652
Raccanelli A, Kovetz ED, Bird S, Cholis I, Munoz JB (2016) Determining the progenitors of merging black-hole binaries. Phys Rev D 94(2):023516. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.023516. arXiv:1605.01405
Raveri M (2020) Reconstructing gravity on cosmological scales. Phys Rev D 101(8):083524. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.083524. arXiv:1902.01366
Renard P et al (2021) The PAU survey: \(\text{ Ly }\alpha\) intensity mapping forecast. Mon Not R Astron Soc 501(3):3883–3899. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3783. arXiv:2006.07177
Riechers DA et al (2019) COLDz: shape of the CO luminosity function at high redshift and the cold gas history of the universe. Astrophys J 872(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafc27. arXiv:1808.04371
Sachs RK, Wolfe AM (1967) Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the microwave background. Astrophys J 147:73–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-007-0448-9
Safarzadeh M, Berger E, Ng KKY et al (2019) Measuring the delay time distribution of binary neutron stars. II. Using the redshift distribution from third-generation gravitational wave detectors network. Astrophys J Lett 878(1):L13. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab22be. arXiv:1904.10976
Saito S, de la Torre S, Ilbert O et al (2020) The synthetic emission line COSMOS catalog: \(\text{ H }\alpha\) and [OII] galaxy luminosity functions and counts at \(0.3<z<2.5\). Mon Not R Astron Soc 494(1):199–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa727. arXiv:2003.06394
Santini P et al (2014) The evolution of the dust and gas content in galaxies. Astron Astrophys 562:A30. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322835. arXiv:1311.3670
Santos MR (2004) Probing reionization with Lyman-alpha emission lines. Mon Not R Astron Soc 349:1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07594.x. arXiv:astro-ph/0308196
Sato-Polito G, Bernal JL (2022) Analytical covariance between voxel intensity distributions and line-intensity mapping power spectra. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2202.02330 [astro-ph.CO]
Sato-Polito G, Bernal JL, Kovetz ED, Kamionkowski M (2020) Antisymmetric cross-correlation of line-intensity maps as a probe of reionization. Phys Rev D 102(4):043519. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.043519. arXiv:2005.08977
Sato-Polito G, Bernal JL, Boddy KK, Kamionkowski M (2021) Kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich tomography with line-intensity mapping. Phys Rev D 103(8):083519. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.083519. arXiv:2011.08193
Sato-Polito G, Kokron N, Bernal JL (n.d.) In prep
Schaan E, White M (2021a) Astrophysics and cosmology from line intensity mapping vs galaxy surveys. JCAP 05:067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/05/067. arXiv:2103.01971
Schaan E, White M (2021b) Multi-tracer intensity mapping: cross-correlations. Line noise and decorrelation. JCAP 05:068. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/05/068. arXiv:2103.01964
Schlegel DJ et al (2019) Astro 2020 APC white paper: the MegaMapper: a \(z > 2\) spectroscopic instrument for the study of inflation and dark energy. Bull Am Astron Soc 51:229 arXiv:1907.11171 [astro-ph.IM]
Seljak U (2009) Extracting primordial non-Gaussianity without cosmic variance. Phys Rev Lett 102:021302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.021302. arXiv:0807.1770 [astro-ph]
Serra P, Doré O, Lagache G (2016) Dissecting the high-\(z\) interstellar medium through intensity mapping cross-correlations. Astrophys J 833(2):153. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/153. arXiv:1608.00585
Shang C, Haiman Z, Knox L, Oh SP (2012) Improved models for cosmic infrared background anisotropies: new constraints on the IR galaxy population. Mon Not R Astron Soc 421:2832. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20510.x. arXiv:1109.1522
Sherwin BD, Schmittfull M (2015) Delensing the CMB with the cosmic infrared background. Phys Rev D 92(4):043005. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.043005. arXiv:1502.05356
Shirasaki M (2021) Searching for eV-mass axion-like particles with cross correlations between line intensity and weak lensing maps. Phys Rev D 103:103014. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.103014. arXiv:2102.00580
Silva MB, Santos MG, Cooray A, Gong Y (2015) Prospects for detecting C\(riptsize{II}\) emission during the epoch of reionization. Astrophys J 806(2):209. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/209. arXiv:1410.4808
Silva BM, Zaroubi S, Kooistra R, Cooray A (2018) Tomographic intensity mapping versus galaxy surveys: observing the Universe in H \(\alpha\) emission with new generation instruments. Mon Not R Astron Soc 475(2):1587–1608. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3265. arXiv:1711.09902 [astro-ph.GA]
Silva MB, Baumschlager B, Cleary KA et al (2021a) Synergies between the COMAP CO line intensity mapping mission and a Ly\(\alpha\) galaxy survey: how to probe the early universe with voxel based analysis of observational data. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2111.05354
Silva MB, Kovetz ED, Keating GK et al (2021b) Mapping large-scale-structure evolution over cosmic times. Exp Astron 51(3):1593–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-021-09755-3. arXiv:1908.07533
Smith KM, Hanson D, LoVerde M, Hirata CM, Zahn O (2012) Delensing CMB polarization with external datasets. JCAP 06:014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2012/06/014. arXiv:1010.0048
Smith KM, Madhavacheril MS, Münchmeyer M et al (2018) KSZ tomography and the bispectrum. arXiv e-prints arXiv:1810.13423 [astro-ph.CO]
Smith TL, Poulin V, Amin MA (2020) Oscillating scalar fields and the Hubble tension: a resolution with novel signatures. Phys Rev D 101(6):063523. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.063523. arXiv:1908.06995
Sobacchi E, Mesinger A, Greig B (2016) Cross-correlation of the cosmic 21-cm signal and Lyman \(\alpha\) emitters during reionization. Mon Not R Astron Soc 459(3):2741–2750. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw811. arXiv:1602.04837
Solomon PM, Vanden Bout PA (2005) Molecular gas at high redshift. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 43:677–725. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.43.051804.102221. arXiv:astro-ph/0508481
Somerville RS, Davé R (2015) Physical models of galaxy formation in a cosmological framework. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 53:51–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951. arXiv:1412.2712
Somerville RS, Olsen C, Yung LYA et al (2021) Mock light-cones and theory friendly catalogues for the CANDELS survey. Mon Not R Astron Soc 502(4):4858–4876. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab231. arXiv:2102.00108
Spinoglio L, Dasyra KM, Franceschini A et al (2012) Far-IR/submillimeter spectroscopic cosmological surveys: predictions of infrared line luminosity functions for \(z\)\(<\) 4 galaxies. Astrophys J 745:171. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/171. arXiv:1110.4837 [Erratum: Astrophys J 791:138 (2014)]
Stacey GJ, Hailey-Dunsheath S, Ferkinhoff C et al (2010) A 158 μm [CII] line survey of galaxies at z \(\sim\) 1–2: an indicator of star formation in the early universe. Astrophys J 724:957–974. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/957. arXiv:1009.4216
Sun G (2022) Cosmological constraints on the global star formation law of galaxies: insights from baryon acoustic oscillation intensity mapping. Astrophys J Lett 931(2):L29. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac7138. arXiv:2205.09354 [astro-ph.CO]
Sun G, Moncelsi L, Viero MP et al (2018) A foreground masking strategy for [C II] intensity mapping experiments using galaxies selected by stellar mass and redshift. Astrophys J 856(2):107. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab3e3. arXiv:1610.10095
Sun G, Hensley BS, Chang TC, Doré O, Serra P (2019) A self-consistent framework for multiline modeling in line intensity mapping experiments. Astrophys J 887(2):142. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab55df. arXiv:1907.02999
Sun G, Mirocha J, Mebane RH, Furlanetto SR (2021a) Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background. Mon Not R Astron Soc 508(2):1954–1972. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2697. arXiv:2107.09324
Sun G et al (2021b) Probing cosmic reionization and molecular gas growth with TIME. Astrophys J 915(1):33. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abfe62. arXiv:2012.09160
Sun G, Mas-Ribas L, Chang TC et al (2022) LIMFAST. II. Line intensity mapping as a probe of high-redshift galaxy formation. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2206.14186 [astro-ph.CO]
Sunyaev RA, Zeldovich YB (1972) The observations of relic radiation as a test of the nature of X-ray radiation from the clusters of galaxies. Comments Astrophys Space Phys 4:173–178
Switzer ER et al (2013) Determination of z \(\sim\) 0.8 neutral hydrogen fluctuations using the 21 cm intensity mapping auto-correlation. Mon Not R Astron Soc 434:L46. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slt074. arXiv:1304.3712 [astro-ph.CO]
Switzer ER, Anderson CJ, Pullen AR, Yang S (2019) Intensity mapping in the presence of foregrounds and correlated continuum emission. Astrophys J 872(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf9ab. arXiv:1812.06223
Switzer ER, Barrentine EM, Cataldo G et al (2021) Experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping: instrument design. J Astron Telesc Instrum Syst 7:044004. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.7.4.044004
Tacconi LJ, Genzel R, Sternberg A (2020) The evolution of the star-forming interstellar medium across cosmic time. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 58:157–203. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141034. arXiv:2003.06245
Tulin S, Yu HB (2018) Dark matter self-interactions and small scale structure. Phys Rep 730:1–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2017.11.004. arXiv:1705.02358 [hep-ph]
Valentino F, Magdis GE, Daddi E et al (2018) A survey of atomic carbon [C I] in high-redshift main-sequence galaxies. Astrophys J 869(1):27. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaeb88. arXiv:1810.11029
Vieira J, Aguirre J, Bradford CM et al (2020) The terahertz intensity mapper (TIM): a next-generation experiment for galaxy evolution studies. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2009.14340
Villa-Vélez JA, Buat V, Theulé P, Boquien M, Burgarella D (2021) Fitting spectral energy distributions of FMOS-COSMOS emission-line galaxies at z \(\sim\) 1.6: star formation rates, dust attenuation, and [OIII]\(\lambda\)5007 emission-line luminosities. Astron Astrophys 654:A153. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140890. arXiv:2108.13321
Visbal E, McQuinn M (2018) The impact of neutral intergalactic gas on Lyman-\(\alpha\) intensity mapping during reionization. Astrophys J Lett 863(1):L6. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad5e6. arXiv:1807.03370
Vizgan D, Greve TR, Olsen KP et al (2022) Tracing molecular gas in z \(\simeq\) 6 galaxies with [C\({{\rm II}}\)]. Astrophys J 929(1):92. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5cba. arXiv:2203.05316 [astro-ph.GA]
Vogelsberger M, Genel S, Springel V et al (2014) Introducing the Illustris Project: simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe. Mon Not R Astron Soc 444(2):1518–1547. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1536. arXiv:1405.2921
Walter F, Carilli C, Neeleman M et al (2020) The evolution of the baryons associated with galaxies averaged over cosmic time and space. Astrophys J 902(2):111. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb82e. arXiv:2009.11126 [astro-ph.GA]
White M et al (2022) Cosmological constraints from the tomographic cross-correlation of DESI Luminous Red Galaxies and Planck CMB lensing. JCAP 02(02):007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/02/007. arXiv:2111.09898
Wilson TL, Elbaz D (2006) Report by the ESA-ESO Working Group on the Herschel-ALMA synergies. arXiv e-prints arXiv:astro-ph/0609311
Wolz L, Blake C, Wyithe JSB (2017) Determining the HI content of galaxies via intensity mapping cross-correlations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 470(3):3220–3226. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1388. arXiv:1703.08268
Yamamoto K, Nakamichi M, Kamino A, Bassett BA, Nishioka H (2006) A Measurement of the quadrupole power spectrum in the clustering of the 2dF QSO Survey. Publ Astron Soc Jpn 58:93–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/58.1.93. arXiv:astro-ph/0505115
Yang S, Lidz A (2020) An analytic model for [O III] fine structure emission from high redshift galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 499(3):3417–3433. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3000. arXiv:2007.14439
Yang S, Pullen AR, Switzer ER (2019) Evidence for C II diffuse line emission at redshift \(z\sim 2.6\). Mon Not R Astron Soc 489(1):L53–L57. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slz126. arXiv:1904.01180
Yang S, Somerville RS, Pullen AR et al (2021) Multitracer cosmological line intensity mapping mock light-cone simulation. Astrophys J 911(2):132. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abec75. arXiv:2009.11933
Zeng C, Kovetz ED, Chen X et al (2019) Searching for oscillations in the primordial power spectrum with CMB and LSS data. Phys Rev D 99(4):043517. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.043517. arXiv:1812.05105
Zhang RC, Zhang B, Li Y, Lorimer DR (2021) On the energy and redshift distributions of fast radio bursts. Mon Not R Astron Soc 501(1):157–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3537. arXiv:2011.06151
Zhou M, Tan J, Mao Y (2021) Antisymmetric cross-correlation between H I and CO line intensity maps as a new probe of cosmic reionization. Astrophys J 909(1):51. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abda45. arXiv:2009.02766
Acknowledgements
We thank Dongwoo Chung, Kirit Karkare, Guilaine Lagache, Olivier Doré, Tzu-Ching Chang, Karto Keating, Joaquin Vieira, Anthony Pullen and Eiichiro Komatsu for providing information necessary to produce Fig. 3. We also thank Karto Keating for assistance with the modeling used in Fig. 5, Selim Hotinli for help with the SO map in Fig. 9 and Reut Kovetz for help with Fig. 2. We are grateful to Donwgoo Chung, Adam Lidz, Maja Lujan Niemeyer, Anthony Pullen, Emmanuel Schaan and Eric Switzer for thoughtful comments on the manuscript. JLB is supported by the Allan C. and Dorothy H. Davis Fellowship. EDK is supported by a faculty fellowship from the Azrieli Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bernal, J.L., Kovetz, E.D. Line-intensity mapping: theory review with a focus on star-formation lines. Astron Astrophys Rev 30, 5 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-022-00143-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-022-00143-0