An integrated tone box scheme for determining tones in Tai varieties beyond Southwestern Tai: diachronic and synchronic concerns

Hanbo Liao

doi:10.1515/flin-2022-2048

Published by De Gruyter Mouton November 30, 2022

An integrated tone box scheme for determining tones in Tai varieties beyond Southwestern Tai: diachronic and synchronic concerns

Hanbo Liao

From the journal Folia Linguistica

https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2022-2048

Showing a limited preview of this publication:

Abstract

When applied to Tai varieties beyond Southwestern Tai, Gedney’s tone box framework and its revised versions have several shortcomings, the most notable of which is the lack of consideration of diachronic issues that give rise to more complicated tonal correspondences. This paper proposes a more widely applicable Tai tone box chart with one additional tier based on the more probable tone-conditioning phonetic nature of onsets found in non-Southwestern Tai varieties. This Tai tone box chart has been designed to be paired with an ancillary chart to explain the essential diachronic processes of different Tai varieties. It thus provides insights into the revision of Proto-Tai phonological reconstructions based on tonology and support for the early-stage Southern-Northern Tai division and the Southwestern-Central Tai versus Yongnan Zhuang-Saek-Northern Zhuang divisions.

Keywords: Gedney’s tone box; language subgrouping; phonological reconstruction; Tai Languages; tonology

Corresponding author: Hanbo Liao, School of Humanities (Linguistics), Faculty of Arts, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, E-mail: mayxreux@gmail.com

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my gratitude to the following people who have provided valuable helps for this article. Firstly, Shen Ruiqing, with whom I co-authored an article on a topic relevant to this one (Liao and Shen 2012), was the start of my master’s thesis on the development of tones in Tai (Liao 2016b) and this paper. Secondly, Margaret Milliken and Tai Chung-pui gave me advice and proofreading during the process of writing this paper. Finally, I am grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments, and to the editors of Folia Linguistica Historica for their careful communication. All errors are mine.

Appendices A–C: A Tai wordlist of irregular merging directions of particular sound series

*Because of space limitations, only a simplified version of this wordlist is provided here. The full version will be updated online (URL: https://mayxreux.wixsite.com/liao-hanbo/tai-wordlist-irregular). The comparison table of the abbreviations and the full names of the sound series in the Appendices are as in Figures 3 and 4.

Representative Tai languages selected in Appendices A–C and their main sources are as follows.

ST: SWT	Siamese – Pittayaporn (2009) and my field notes
ST: CT	Debao: Debao Ma’ai Yang Zhuang – my field notes; Lungming: Luming variety of Zuojiang Zhuang – Gedney (Hudak 1991)
NT: YNZ	Xialeng: Xialeng variety of Yongnan Zhuang – Zhang et al. (1999) and my fieldnotes
NT: Saek	Saek: Saek varieties from Gedney (Hudak 1993)
NZ: Majority	Du’an: Du’an Jiarong Central Hongshuihe Zhuang (of NZ) – Zhang et al. (1999)
NZ: HJZ	Huanjiang: Huanjiang County Seat variety of Huanjiang Zhuang (of NZ) – Zhang et al. (1999) and my fieldnotes

Abbreviations in the Appendices

Language (sub)groups	Primary Groups – S: Southern Tai; N: Northern Tai
Language (sub)groups	Secondary Groups – Sw: Southwestern Tai (of ST); C: Central Tai (of ST); Y: Yongnan Zhuang (of NT); Nz: Northern Zhuang (of NT); Saek (of NT); Tertiary Group – H: Huanjiang Zhuang (of Northern Zhuang); R: The rest of the Tai varieties/The majority of Tai varieties
Language varieties	D: Donglan (of NZ); W: Wuming (of NZ); He: Hengxian (of NZ); Ya: Yay (of NZ); Tl: Tianlin (of NZ); P: Po-ai (of NZ); Ss: Shangsi (of YNZ); Sd: Shuangding (of YNZ); Cz: Chongzuo (of YNZ); Nm: Ningming (intermediate of YNZ and CT); L: Lungchow (of CT); J: Jingxi Yang Zhuang (of CT); Kapong: K (of SWT); Sb: Saba (of SWT)
Notations	/: alternation; +: additional/revised reconstruction; -t/i/v/f: further development of tone/initial/vowel/final (i.e. late innovation/aberrant development after tonal splits); ’C: accented consonant; C̬: Voiced consonant
Reference	G1: Hudak (1993); G2: Hudak (1991); L: Liao (2016b); O: Ostapirat (2013); P: Pittayaporn (2009); V: Vovin (2018); Z: Zhang et al. (1999)

Appendix A: Irregular merging directions of particular initial series

PT – Post PT initial groups involving irregular mergers among Tai subgroups			ST (Tai Proper)		NT (Yay Proper)				Reference:Page
			SWT	CT	YNZ	Saek	NZ
			SWT	CT	YNZ		M	H
PT Initial	Gloss	PT form	Siamese	Debao	Xialeng		Du’an	Huanjiang
Series Ia		→	1-F (A/C), 1-U	1-A, 1-C, 1-U	2	2	2	2
+ *'C.t-	to arrive	+ *'C.tɤŋ^A	tʰɨŋ ^24/A1F	tʰaŋ ^31/A1A	taŋ ^31/A2	tʰaŋ ^454/A2	taŋ ^231/A2	taŋ ^231/A2	P:378; Z:709
+ *'C.k-	pit	+ *'C.kum^A	kʰum ^24/A1F	kʰʊm ^31/A1A	kəm ^31/A2	kʰum ^454/A2	kum ^231/A2	kom ^231/A2	P:386; Z: 598
+ *'C.x-	rice	+ *'C.xaw^C	kʰa:w ^41/C1F	kʰaw ^24/C1A	haw ^11/C2	ɣaw ^32/C2	haw ^13/C2	ɡaw ^24/C2	P:331; Z:690
+ *'C.p-	male; CLF for person	+ 'C.pu:^C	pʰu: ^41/C1F	pʰəw ^24/C1A	pow ^11/C2	pʰu: ^32/C2	pow ^13/C2	pu: ^24/C2	Z:794; O:382
+ *'p.w-	to sharpen	+ *'p.wan	fon ^24/A1F	pʰɔn ^31/A1A	pan ^31/A2	–	pan ^231/A2	pan ^231/A2	Z:745
+ *'k.ɣ-	ear	+ *'k.ɣɤ:^A	hu: ^24/A1F	kʰjəw ^31/A1A	ʰli: ^31/A2	ruə ^454/A2	rɯ: ^231/A2	rəɰ ^231/A2	P:324; O:20; G1:407; Z:640
+ *'p.tɣ- (> AS-C )	wasp	+ *'p.tɣi:l	tɛ:n ^33/A1U-i	tʰe:n ^31/A1A	ti:n ^31/A2	tʰi:l ^454/A2	tin ^231/A2	din ^231/A2	P:329; Z:619; O:20
+ *'t.r-	sweat	+ *'t.rɨa^B	ŋɨə ^21/B1F -i	tʰʏ: ^33/B1A	ty: ^B2 (Ss)	–	–	–	P:326; Z:648
+ *'ɬ.w-	right	+ *'ɬ.wa:^A	kʰwa ^24/A1F	ɬɔ: ^53/A1C	kʰwa: ^A2 (Ss)	kʰua ^454/A2	kwa: ^231/A2	kwa ^231/A2	Z:604; G1:184
+*'t.ɮ-	ten	+ *'t.ɮip^D	sip ^21/DS1F	ɬəp ^55/DS1C	tsʰip ^33/DS2	sip ^32/DS2	ɕip ^13/DS2	sip ^24/DS2	Z:788; G1:436
+ *C̬.t-	CLF for animal	+ *C̬.tua^A	tuə ^33/A1U -i	tu: ^453/A1U	tu: ^31/A2	tʰua ^454/A2	tu: ^231/A2	tow ^231/A2	O:514; Z:794
Series Ib		→	2	2	1-A, 1-C	1-U, 1-F(C)	1-P(U/C)	1-P(U/C)
+ *ɬˤ-	man	+ *ɬˤa:j^A	tɕʰa:j ^33/A2	tɕa:j ^31/A2	ɬa:j ^55/A1C	sa:j ^11/A1F	θa:j ^42/A1P	ra:j ^53/A1P	P:337; Z:657; G1:421
+ *mˤ-	to come (back)	+ *mˤa^A	ma: ^33/A2	ma: ^31/A2	ma: ^33/A1A -t	ma: ^11/A1F	ma: ^42/A1P	ma: ^53/A1P	G1:230; L:142
+ *ɲˤ-	to hear	+ *ɲˤi:^A	jin ^33/A2	ɲən ^33/B2 -t	ŋi: ^55/A1C	ɲia ^11/A1F	ɲi: ^42/A1P	ɲi: ^53/A1P	Z:722; G1:964
+ *tˤ-	to listen to	+ *tˤiŋ^B	–	təŋ ^33/B2	tʰiŋ ^53/B1A	–	tiŋ ^33/B1P	tiŋ ^33/B1P	Z:722; L:142
+ *pˤ-	(wind) blowing; fan	+ *pˤac^D	pʰat ^45/DS2	pat ^21/DS2 (J)	pʰat ^55/DS1A	pɛk ^45/DS1U	pat ^55/DS1P	pat ^55/DS1P	L:142; G1:335
Series Ic		→	1-U	2	2	2	2	2
+ *'m.p-	to become	*'m.pel^A	pen ^33/A1U	pan ^A2	pan ^31/A2	pʰal ^A2	pan ^A2	pan ^A2	P:353; O:360; Z:804
Series Id		→	2	2	2	2	2	1-P(C)
+ *'l.m-	hand	+ *'l.mɨ:^A	mɨ: ^33/A2	mʊŋ: ^31/A2	mej ^31/A2	mɯ: ^454/A2	fɯŋ ^231/A2	mɯŋ ^51/A1P	P:324; Z:644; V:154-155
+ *'C.n-	water	+ *'C.nam^C	na:m ^453/C2	nam ^213/C2	nam ^11/C2	nam ^32/C2	ɹam ^14/C2	nam ^42/C1P	P:390; Z:596
Series IIa		→	1-F(A)	1-A	1-A	1-F(A/C)	1-P(U/C)	1-P(U/C)
+ *hr-	to yawn	+ *hra:w^A	ha:w ^24/A1F	ha:w ^31/A1A	ha:w ^A1A (Ss)	ra:w ^11/A1F	ra:w ^A1P (Ya)	ja:w ^53/A1P -	P:349; G1:389; Z:720
*pr-	vegetable	*prak^D	pʰak ^21/DS1F	pʰjak ^55/DS1A	pʰlak ^55/DS1A	pʰrak ^45/DS1F	pak ^55/DS1P	pjak ^55/DS1P	P:141; Z:693
*tr-	stone	tri:l^A	hin ^24/A1F	tʰən ^31/A1A	tʰən ^33/A1A	ri:l ^11/A1F	ɹin ^42/A1P	hin ^53/A1P -i	P:334; Z:600; G1:398
*trw-	to carry up (two or more)	*trwa:m^A	ha:m ^24/A1F	tʰa:m ^31/A1A	tʰa:m ^A1A (Ss)	ra:m ^11/A1F	ɹa:m ^42/A1P	wa:m ^53/A1P	P:350; Z:730; G1:386
*cr-	to wait	*cra:^C	tʰa: ^41/C1F	tʰa: ^24/C1A	–	tʰa: ^31/C1F	ɕa: ^33/C1P	kja: ^42/C1P	P:143, 357; Z:724
*kr-	to seek	kra:^A	ha: ^24/A1F	kʰja: ^31/A1A	ʰla: ^33/A1A	ra: ^11/A1F	ɹa: ^42/A1P	ja: ^53/A1P	P:353; Z: 728; G1:384
*krw-	mushroom; skin ulcer	+ krwet^D	het ^21/DS1F	kʰjat ^55/DS1A	ʰlat ^55/DS1C	–	ɹat ^55/DS1P	jat ^55/DS1P	P:333; Z:632
*qr-	egg	*qraj^B	kʰaj ^21/B1F	kʰjaj ^33/B1A	ʰlaj ^53/B1A	kʰaj ^32/B1F	kjaj ^33/B1P	kjaj ^33/B1P	P:330; Z:695; G1:170
*xw-	axe	*xwa:n^A	kʰwa:n ^24/A1F	kʰwa:n ^A1A (L)	–	va:n ^11/A1F	wa:n ^A1P (D)	wa:n ^53/A1P	P:339; Z:680; G1:528
+ *qrw-	spider	+ *qrwa:w^A	–	kʰja:w ^31/A1A	kʰla:w ^33/A1A	tʰra:w ^11/A1F	kja:w ^42/A1P	kjwa:w ^53/A1P	P:329; Z:618; G1:503
Series IIb		→	1-F(A)	1-A	1-U, 1-C	1-U, 1-F(A)	1-P(U/C)	1-P(U/C)
*q-	arm	qe:n^A	kʰɛ:n ^24/A1F	kʰe:n ^31/A1A	ke:n ^55/A1U	ke:n ^34/A1U	ke:n ^42/A1P	kje:n ^53/A1P	P:324; Z:730; G1:143
*qw-	to hang	qwe:n^A	kʰwɛ:n ^24/A1F	kʰwe:n ^31/A1A	we:n ^35/C1C -t	ve:n ^11/A1F	we:n ^55/C1P -t	we:n ^53/A1P	P:357; Z:736; G1:537
*crw-	a plough; to plough	*crwaj^A	tʰaj ^24/A1F	tɕɔj ^53/A1U-i tʰaj ^A1A (J)	tsaj ^55/A1U	tʰaj ^11/A1F	kjwaj ^53/A1P	kjwaj ^53/A1P	P:341; Z:677, 756; G1:490
Series IIc		→	1-F(A)	1-A	1-A	1-U, 1-F(A)	1-P(U/C)	1-P(U/C)
*p.q-	leg	*p.qa^A	kʰa: ^24/A1F	kʰa: ^31/A1A	ha: ^33/A1A	kwa: ^34/A1U	ka: ^42/A1P	ka: ^53/A1P	P:324; Z:646; G1:161
+ *t.q-	vine	+ *t.qaw^A	tʰaw ^24/A1F -i	kʰaw ^31/A1A	haw ^33/A1A	–	kaw ^42/A1P	kaw ^53/A1P	Z:628
*q.p-	body hair; feather	*q.pɯl^A	kʰon ^24/A1F	kʰɔn ^31/A1A	pʰən ^33/A1A	pul ^34/A1U	pun ^42/A1P	pun ^53/A1P	P:323; Z:6251; G1:353
+ *p.w-	rain	+ *p.wɣun^A	fon ^24/A1F	pʰɔn ^31/A1A	pʰon ^33/A1A	vɯn ^11/A1F -t	wun ^42/A1P	wun ^53/A1P	O:24; P:335; Z:596
*k.r-	hard	*k.re:ŋ^A	kʰɛŋ ^24/A1F	kʰe:ŋ ^A1A (L)	^h le:ŋ ^33/A1A	tʰriəŋ ^11/A1F	kle:ŋ ^A1P (He)	kje:ŋ ^A1P (Wu)	P:343; Z:772; G1:508
*c.r-	to ask	*c.ra:m^A	tʰa:m ^24/A1F	kʰja:m ^31/A1A	tsa:m ^55/A1U -i/-t tʰa:m ^A1A (Ss)	tʰa:m ^11/A1F	ɕa:m ^42/A1P -i	tɕa:m ^A1P (He)	P:348; Z:716; G1:485
+ *q.ɬɣ-	centipede	+ *q.ɬɣip^D	kʰep ^21/DS1F	kʰjap ^55/DS1A	ʰlət ^55/DS1A -f	tʰrip ^45/DS1F	θip ^55/DS1P	ɹip ^55/DS1P	P:329; Z:618; G1:508
Series IId		→	1-U	1-A	1-A	1-U	1-P(U)	1-P(U)
*p.r-	to expose to the sun	*p.ra:k^D	ta:k ^21/DL1U	tʰa:k ^33/DL1A	tʰa:k ^53/DL1A	pra:k ^32/DL1U	ta:k ^33/DL1P	ta:k ^33/DL1P	L:161; Z:699; G1:348
*p.t-	to die	p.ta:j^A	ta:j ^33/A1U	tʰa:j ^31/A1A	tʰa:j ^33/A1A	pra:j ^34/A1U	ta:j ^42/A1P	ta:j ^53/A1P	P:357; Z:714; G1:348
+ *t.l-	near	+ *t.laɰ^C	klaj ^41/C1U4	kʰjɔj ^C1A	kʰjoɥ ^C1A (Cz)	tlɤ: ^31/C1U	kjaɰ ^55/C1P	kjaɰ ^42/C1P	L:161; P:345; Z:777; G1:466
Series IIe		→	1-F(A)	1-A	1-U	1-U	1-P(U)	1-P(U)
*t.h-	to weep; to cry	*t.haj^C	ha:j ^41/C1F	haj ^24/C1A	taj ^35/C1U	taj ^31/C1U	taj ^55/C1P	taj ^42/C1P	P:348; Z:715; G1:458
Series IIf		→	1-U, 1-F(A)	1-U	1-A	1-F(C/A), 1-U	1-P(C/U)	1-P(C/U)
*k.t-	full	*k.tem^A	tem ^33A1U	tam ^53/A1U	tʰim ^33/A1A	rim ^11/A1F	ɹim ^42/A1P	him ^53/A1C -i	P:345; Z:772; G1:400
+ *C̥.k-	fishbone	*C̥.ka:ŋ^C	ka:ŋ ^41/C1U	ka:ŋ ^24/C1U	kʰa:ŋ ^C1A (Sd)	ka:ŋ ^31/C1U	ka:ŋ ^C1P (W)	ka:ŋ ^42/C1P	L:162; Z:626; G1:136
*t.r-	to break; to be broken	*t.rak^D	hak ^21/DS1F	tak ^55/DS1U	tʰak ^55/DS1A	rak ^45/DS1F	rak ^55/DS1P	jak ^55/DS1P	P:354; Z:701; G1:950
+ *k.lw-	frog (small)	+ *k.lwe:^C	(kʰiət ^DL1F -f)	kwe: ^24/C1U	kʰle: ^13/C1A	tʰrɛ: ^31/C1F	kwe: ^55/A1P	kwe: ^24/A1P	P:328; Z:622; G1:506
Series IIg		→	1-F(A)	1-A	1-A	1-U	1-P(A/C)	1-P(A/C)
*h-	cockscomb	*ho:n^A	hɔ:n ^24/A1F	ho:n ^31/A1A	høn ^AlA (Ss)	hɔ:n ^34/A1U	–	–	G1:120; P:330; Z:625
+ *pw-	lid	+ *pwa:^A	fa: ^24/A1F	pʰa: ^31/A1A	pʰa ^33/A1A	va: ^34/A1U	wa: ^A1P	fa: ^A1P(He)	P:338; Z:669; G1:526
Series IIIa		→	1-U	1-U	1-U	1-F(C)	1-P(C)	1-P(C)
*ɕ-	owner; master	+ *ɕɨw^C	tɕa:w ^41/C1U	tɕaw ^24/C1U	tsow ^35/C1U	su: ^31/C1C	θow ^33/C1P	ɹow ^42/C1P	P:337; Z:656: G1:448; O:16
Series IIIb		→	1-F(C)	1-F(C)	?	1-U	1-P(U)	1-P(U)
+ *cɣ-	to put	+ *cɣaɰ^B	saj ^21/B1F	–	–	cɔ: ^32/B1U	so: ^B1P (Ya)	–	O:25; P:351; G1:66

Appendix B: Tonal categories B and C alternations

PT rime groups on smooth syllables involving irregular mergers among Tai subgroups			ST (Tai proper)			NT (Yay proper)
			SWT	CT		YN		NZ
PT tone	Gloss	PT Form	Siamese	Debao	Lungming	Xialeng	Saek	Du’an	Reference:Page
Series IV		→	C	C	C	B	B	B
C? B?	to boil	+ *tɣum^B/C	tom ^41/C1U	tɔ:m ^24/C1U	tom ^33/C1U	tum ^13/B1U	rɔ:m ^32/B1F	tum ^33/B1P	O:24; G1:404; G2:635; P:230
C? B?	shrimp	kuŋ ^B/C	kuŋ ^41/C1U	kʊŋ ^24/C1U	koŋ ^33/C1U	ku:ŋ ^13/B1U	kuŋ ^32/B1U	kuŋ ^33/B1P	P:328; G2:182; G1:158; Z:622
C? B?	cotton	+ pwa:j^B/C	fa:j ^41/C1C	pʰa:j ^24/C1A	pʰa:j ^33/C1A	po:j ^13/B1U	pa:j ^34/A1U -i/-t	wa:j ^33/B1P	Z:632, 666; G1:327; G2:508
C? B?	slave	*χɔ:j^B/C	kʰɔ:j ^41/C1F	kʰo:j ^24/C1A	kʰo:j ^33/C1A	ho:j ^53/B1A	hɔ:j ^32/B1F	ho:j ^33/B1P	P:337; Z:659; G1:122; G2:238

Appendix C: Checked syllables’ rime groups with long-short vocalic merging alternation

PT rime groups on checked syllables involving irregular mergers			ST (Tai Proper)			NT (Yay Proper)
			SWT	CT		YN		NZ
PT rime	Gloss	PT Form	Siamese	Debao	Lungming	Xialeng	Saek	Du’an	Reference:Page
Series Va		→	DL	DL	DL	DS	DS	DS
+ -(ɣ)u:k	thin bamboo strip (for tying or weaving)	+ *p.tɣu:k^D	tɔ:k ^21/DL1U	tʰo:k ^33/DL1A	pʰyo:k ^33/DL1A	tʰuk ^55/DS1A	pruk ^45/DS1U	tuk ^55/DS1P	G1:352; Z:681; O:21; G2:532
+ -(ɣ)u:t	lung	+pɣu:t	pɔ:t ^21/DL1F	pʊt ^55/DL1U	pɤt ^33/DS1U	pu:t ^DS1U (Ss)	–	put ^55/DS1U	O:21; G2:474; Z:646
+ -ɨak	gums	+ *ʰŋɨak^D	ŋɯək ^21/DL1F	ŋʏ:k ^55/DL1C	hɯ:k ^45/DL1C -i	–	–	hək ^55/DS1P -i ŋɯk ^DS1P (Ya)	L:179; Z:641; P:323; G1:137; O:13
+ -i:t	knife	+ *mi:t^D	mi:t ^41/DL2	mət ^33/DL2	mi:t ^11/DL2	–	–	mit ^DS2 (Tl) mit ^DS2 (H)	L:181; G2:371: Z:670
+ -ɨ:k	child	+ *lɨ:k^D	lu:k ^41/DL2	lʊk ^33/DL2	lok ^11/DL2	lik ^33/DS2	lɯk ^DS2	lɯk ^13/DS2	L:181; G2:292; G1:223; Z:652
Series Vb		→	DL	DL	DS	DS	DS	DS
+ -ɨ:k	to be; correct; contact	+ *C̬.tɨ:k^D	tʰu:k ^21/DL1F	tʰʊk ^33/DL1A	tʰok ^33/DS1A	tik ^33/DS2	tʰɯk ^32/DS2	tɯk ^13/DS2	P:354; Z:708: G2:670; G1:524; L:175; O:6
–i:k	wing	*pi:k^A	pi:k ^21/DL1U	pək ^55/DL1U	pik ^33/DS1U	pik ^DS1U (Ss)	–	–	P:330; Z:625: G1:476;
Series Vc		→	DL	DL	DL/S	DL	DL	DL/S
+ *-(w)ɨk	loom	+ *trwɨ:k^D	hu:k ^21/DL1F	tʰʊk ^33/DL1A	tʰok ^33/DS1A	tʰo:k ^53/DL1A	rɔ:k ^32/DL1F	ɹu:k ^33/DL1P	O:28; Z:679; G1:404; L:175; G2:670
Series Vd		→	DL	DL	DL	DS	DL	DS
*-uok	deaf	+ *n̥uok^D	nuək ^21/DL1F	nu:k ^55/DL1C	nu:k ^55/DL1C	nuk ^55/DS1C	nu:k ^32/DL1F -v	nuk ^55/DS1P	L:179; Z:780; P:344; O:10: G1:297
*-(ɣ)i:t	sunshine	+ ˀdɣi:t^D	dɛ:t ^21/DL1G	ˀde:t ^33/DL1G	ne:t ^45/DL1G -i	nit ^55/DS1G -i	ri:t ^45/DL1G -i	ˀdit ^55/DS1G	L:181; P:335; Z:696; O:20; G2:421
*-u:k	mucus	mu:k ^D	mu:k ^41/DL2	mʊk ^33/DL2	mo:k ^11/DL2	muk ^33/DS2	mu:k ^52/DL2	mok ^13/DS2	P:323; L:181; G2:378; G1:264; Z:648
Series Ve		→	DL	DL	DS	DL	DL	DS
*-i:p	to pinch	*ʰni:p^D	ni:p ^21/DL1F	nəp ^55/DL1C	nip ^33/DS1C	ne:p ^13/DL1C	ni:p ^31/DL1F	nip ^55/DS1P	O:5; P:350; G2:428; G1:291; Z:746

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Received: 2021-09-16

Accepted: 2022-01-24

Published Online: 2022-11-30

Published in Print: 2023-11-27

An integrated tone box scheme for determining tones in Tai varieties beyond Southwestern Tai: diachronic and synchronic concerns

Abstract

Acknowledgments

Appendices A–C: A Tai wordlist of irregular merging directions of particular sound series

Appendix A: Irregular merging directions of particular initial series

Appendix B: Tonal categories B and C alternations

Appendix C: Checked syllables’ rime groups with long-short vocalic merging alternation

References

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