1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Vision Science
  4. Volume 9, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Vision Science

Volume 9, 2023

Emerging Pathogenic Viral Infections of the Eye

Abstract

Global health security threats and the public health impact resulting from emerging infectious diseases including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and recent Ebola virus disease outbreaks continuously emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to preparedness, management of disease outbreaks, and health sequelae associated with emergent pathogens. A spectrum of associated ophthalmic manifestations, along with the potential persistence of emerging viral pathogens in ocular tissues, highlight the importance of an ophthalmic approach to contributing to efforts in the response to public health emergencies from disease outbreaks. This article summarizes the ophthalmic and systemic findings, epidemiology, and therapeutics for emerging viral pathogens identified by the World Health Organization as high-priority pathogens with epidemic potential.

Keyword(s): COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, emerging infectious disease, ophthalmic manifestations, uveitis, viral persistence
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504
2023-09-15
2024-04-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/vision/9/1/annurev-vision-100820-010504.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abdel-Wahab KS, El Baz LM, El-Tayeb EM, Omar H, Ossman MA, Yasin W 1978. Rift Valley fever virus infections in Egypt: pathological and virological findings in man. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72:4392–96
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Al-Hazmi A, Al-Rajhi AA, Abboud EB, Ayoola EA, Al-Hazmi M et al. 2005. Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmology 112:2313–18
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Altmann S, Brandt CR, Murphy CJ, Patnaikuni R, Takla T et al. 2011. Evaluation of therapeutic interventions for vaccinia virus keratitis. J. Infect. Dis. 203:5683–90
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Asogun DA, Günther S, Akpede GO, Ihekweazu C, Zumla A. 2019. Lassa fever: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management and prevention. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 33:4933–51
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Ayoub M, Barhoma G, Zaghlol I. 1978. Ocular manifestations of Rift Valley fever. Bull. Ophthalmol. Soc. Egypt 71:75125–33
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Babu RB, Biswas J. 2007. Bilateral macular retinitis as the presenting feature of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J. Neuroophthalmol. 27:4288–91
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bacsal KE, Chee S-P, Cheng C-L, Flores JVP. 2007. Dengue-associated maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 125:4501–10
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bakir M, Ugurlu M, Dokuzoguz B, Bodur H, Tasyaran MA et al. 2005. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:Pt 4385–89
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bauer MP, Timen A, Vossen ACTM, van Dissel JT. 2019. Marburg haemorrhagic fever in returning travellers: an overview aimed at clinicians. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21:e28–31
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, Kaducu F, Lukwiya M et al. 2007. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J. Infect. Dis. 196:Suppl. 2S142–47
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Benito-Pascual B, Gegúndez JA, Díaz-Valle D, Arriola-Villalobos P, Carreño E et al. 2020. Panuveitis and optic neuritis as a possible initial presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 28:6922–25
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA, Bray M. 2013. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral Res. 100:1159–89
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Brauburger K, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Olejnik J. 2012. Forty-five years of Marburg virus research. Viruses 4:101878–927
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Cash-Goldwasser S, Labuda SM, McCormick DW, Rao AK, McCollum AM et al. 2022. Ocular monkeypox—United States, July–September 2022. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71:42e1
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Cerbino-Neto J, Mesquita EC, Souza TML, Parreira V, Wittlin BB et al. 2016. Clinical manifestations of Zika virus infection, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2015. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22:71318–20
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Chan DPL, Teoh SCB, Tan CSH, Nah GKM, Rajagopalan R et al. 2006. Ophthalmic complications of dengue. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:2285–89
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Chan WM, Yuen KSC, Fan DSP, Lam DSC, Chan PKS, Sung JJY. 2004. Tears and conjunctival scrapings for coronavirus in patients with SARS. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88:7968–69
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Chee E, Sims JL, Jap A, Tan BH, Oh H, Chee S-P. 2009. Comparison of prevalence of dengue maculopathy during two epidemics with differing predominant serotypes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 148:6910–13
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Chertow DS, Nath A, Suffredini AF, Danner RL, Reich DS et al. 2016. Severe meningoencephalitis in a case of Ebola virus disease: a case report. Ann. Intern. Med. 165:4301–4
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Chhavi N, Venkatesh C, Soundararajan P, Gunasekaran D. 2013. Unusual ocular manifestations of dengue fever in a young girl. Indian J. Pediatr. 80:6522–23
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Chitti SV, Prasad AK, Saxena SK. 2016. Emerging Zika virus disease: a public health emergency of global concern. VirusDisease 27:3211–14
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Thayaparan T et al. 2001. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann. Neurol. 49:6810–13
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Chughtai AA, Barnes M, MacIntyre CR. 2016. Persistence of Ebola virus in various body fluids during convalescence: evidence and implications for disease transmission and control. Epidemiol. Infect. 144:81652–60
     [Google Scholar]
  24. D'Amico Ricci G, Del Turco C, Belcastro E, Palisi M, Romano MR et al. 2021. Covid-19 and acute conjunctivitis: controversial data from a tertiary referral Italian center. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 31:62910–13
     [Google Scholar]
  25. de Paula Freitas B, Ventura CV, Maia M, Belfort R 2017. Zika virus and the eye. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 28:6595–99
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Deckard PS, Bergstrom TJ. 1981. Rubeola keratitis. Ophthalmology 88:8810–13
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Eghrari AO, Shantha JG, Ross RD, Van Ryn C, Crozier I et al. 2021. Efficacy and safety outcomes of cataract surgery in survivors of Ebola virus disease: 12-month results from the PREVAIL VII study. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 10:132
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Elwan MS, Sharaf MH, Gameel K, El-Hadi E, Arthur RR. 1997. Rift Valley fever retinopathy: observations in a new outbreak. Ann. Saudi Med. 17:3377–80
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Ergönül Ö. 2006. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6:4203–14
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. 2011. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 377:9768849–62
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Furtado JM, Espósito DL, Klein TM, Teixeira-Pinto T, da Fonseca BA. 2016. Uveitis associated with Zika virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 375:4394–96
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Ganeshkumar P, Murhekar MV, Poornima V, Saravanakumar V, Sukumaran K et al. 2018. Dengue infection in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12:7e0006618
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Garg RK, Mahadevan A, Malhotra HS, Rizvi I, Kumar N, Uniyal R. 2019. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Rev. Med. Virol. 29:5e2058
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Gear JS, Cassel GA, Gear AJ, Trappler B, Clausen L et al. 1975. Outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg. Br. Med. J. 4:5995489–93
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Goeijenbier M, van Kampen JJA, Reusken CBEM, Koopmans MPG, van Gorp ECM. 2014. Ebola virus disease: a review on epidemiology, symptoms, treatment and pathogenesis. Neth. J. Med. 72:9442–48
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, Tan PSK, Kamarulzaman A et al. 2009. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:1229–35
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Gupta A, Srinivasan R, Setia S, Soundravally R, Pandian DG. 2009. Uveitis following dengue fever. Eye 23:4873–76
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Guzman MG, Harris E 2015. Dengue. Lancet 385:9966453–65
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Hansen F, Jarvis MA, Feldmann H, Rosenke K. 2021. Lassa virus treatment options. Microorganisms 9:4772
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Happi AN, Happi CT, Schoepp RJ. 2019. Lassa fever diagnostics: past, present, and future. Curr. Opin. Virol. 37:132–38
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Harapan H, Michie A, Tedjo Sasmono R, Imrie A 2020. Dengue: a minireview. Viruses 12:8829
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Haritoglou C, Dotse SD, Rudolph G, Stephan CM, Thurau SR, Klauss V. 2002. A tourist with dengue fever and visual loss. Lancet 360:93391070
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P. 2020. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis. Trends Immunol. 41:121100–15
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Hartman A. 2017. Rift Valley fever. Clin. Lab. Med. 37:2285–301
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Hatami H, Qaderi S, Omid AM. 2019. Investigation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in patients admitted in Antani Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan, 2017–2018. Int. J. Prev. Med. 10:117
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Hawman DW, Feldmann H. 2018. Recent advances in understanding Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. F1000Research 7:1715
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ et al. 2017. Efficacy and effectiveness of an RVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola ça suffit!). Lancet 389:10068505–18
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Her Z, Kam Y-W, Lin RTP, Ng LFP. 2009. Chikungunya: a bending reality. Microbes Infect. 11:141165–76
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J et al. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:10223497–506
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Hussain I, Afzal F, Shabbir A, Adil A, Zahid A. 2012. Ophthalmic manifestations of dengue fever. Ophthalmol. Update 10:193–96
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Ježek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M. 1987. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J. Infect. Dis. 156:2293–98
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Johnson K, Vu M, Freiberg AN. 2021. Recent advances in combating Nipah virus. Fac. Rev. 10:74
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Kaushik A, Tiwari S, Jayant RD, Marty A, Nair M 2016. Towards detection and diagnosis of Ebola virus disease at point-of-care. Biosens. Bioelectron. 75:254–72
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Kawali A, Mahendradas P, Mohan A, Mallavarapu M, Shetty B. 2019. Epidemic retinitis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 27:4571–77
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Kayikçioglu O, Kir E, Söyler M, Güler C, Irkeç M. 2000. Ocular findings in a measles epidemic among young adults. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 8:159–62
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Khairallah M, Chee SP, Rathinam SR, Attia S, Nadella V. 2010. Novel infectious agents causing uveitis. Int. Ophthalmol. 30:5465–83
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Killerby ME, Biggs HM, Midgley CM, Gerber SI, Watson JT. 2020. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26:2191–98
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Kodati S, Palmore TN, Spellman FA, Cunningham D, Weistrop B, Sen HN. 2017. Bilateral posterior uveitis associated with Zika virus infection. Lancet 389:10064125–26
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Kortepeter MG, Dierberg K, Shenoy ES, Cieslak TJ. 2020. Marburg virus disease: a summary for clinicians. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 99:233–42
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Kuming BS, Kokoris N. 1977. Uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 61:4265–66
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Lalitha P, Rathinam S, Banushree K, Maheshkumar S, Vijayakumar R, Sathe P. 2007. Ocular involvement associated with an epidemic outbreak of Chikungunya virus infection. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 144:4552–56
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Laughlin LW, Meegan JM, Strausbaugh LJ, Morens DM, Watten RH. 1979. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Egypt: observations of the spectrum of human illness. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:6630–33
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Learned LA, Reynolds MG, Wassa DW, Li Y, Olson VA et al. 2005. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:2428–34
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Li AL, Grant D, Gbakie M, Kanneh L, Mustafa I et al. 2020. Ophthalmic manifestations and vision impairment in Lassa fever survivors. PLOS ONE 15:12e0243766
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Lim CCT, Lee WL, Leo YS, Lee KE, Chan KP et al. 2003. Late clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow up of Nipah virus infection. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74:1131–33
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Lim W-K, Mathur R, Koh A, Yeoh R, Chee S-P. 2004. Ocular manifestations of dengue fever. Ophthalmology 111:112057–64
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Lin TPH, Ko C-N, Zheng K, Lai KHW, Wong RLM et al. 2021. COVID-19: update on its ocular involvements, and complications from its treatments and vaccinations. Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol. 10:6521–29
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Loon S-C, Teoh SCB, Oon LLE, Se-Thoe S-Y, Ling A-E et al. 2004. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in tears. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88:7861–63
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Mahajan L, Singh AP, Singla A, Singh G. 2021. Role of dexamethasone on oxygen requirement, mortality, and survival incidence among COVID-19 patients: quasi-experimental study. Anesth. Essays Res. 15:162–66
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Mahendradas P, Ranganna SK, Shetty R, Balu R, Narayana KM et al. 2008. Ocular manifestations associated with Chikungunya. Ophthalmology 115:2287–91
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Malvy D, McElroy AK, de Clerck H, Günther S, van Griensven J. 2019. Ebola virus disease. Lancet 393:10174936–48
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Mansfield KL, Banyard AC, McElhinney L, Johnson N, Horton DL et al. 2015. Rift Valley fever virus: a review of diagnosis and vaccination, and implications for emergence in Europe. Vaccine 33:425520–31
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Markham A. 2021. REGN-EB3: first approval. Drugs 81:1175–78
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Mattia JG, Vandy MJ, Chang JC, Platt DE, Dierberg K et al. 2016. Early clinical sequelae of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16:3331–38
     [Google Scholar]
  75. McCollum AM, Damon IK. 2014. Human monkeypox. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58:2260–67
     [Google Scholar]
  76. McCormick JB, King IJ, Webb PA, Johnson KM, O'Sullivan R et al. 1987. A case-control study of the clinical diagnosis and course of Lassa fever. J. Infect. Dis. 155:3445–55
     [Google Scholar]
  77. McCormick JB, King IJ, Webb PA, Scribner CL, Craven RB et al. 1986. Lassa fever: effective therapy with ribavirin. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:120–26
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Mittal A, Mittal S, Bharati MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Saravanan S, Sathe PS. 2007. Optic neuritis associated with Chikungunya virus infection in South India. Arch. Ophthalmol. 125:101381–86
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Musso D, Gubler DJ. 2016. Zika virus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 29:3487–524
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Mulangu S, Masumu J, Kayembe JM, Kemp A, Paweska JT. 2012. Ebola virus outbreaks in Africa: past and present. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 79:2451
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Mylne AQN, Pigott DM, Longbottom J, Shearer F, Duda KA et al. 2015. Mapping the zoonotic niche of Lassa fever in Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 109:8483–92
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Ong APC, Watson A, Subbiah S. 2020. Rubeola keratitis emergence during a recent measles outbreak in New Zealand. J. Prim. Health Care 12:3289–92
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Ooi KG-J, Inglis H, Paramanathan N, Downie JA, Hennessy MP. 2016. Dengue fever-associated maculopathy and panuveitis in Australia. Case Rep. Ophthalmol. Med. 2016:5704695
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Parke DW, Almeida DRP, Albini TA, Ventura CV, Berrocal AM, Mittra RA. 2016. Serologically confirmed Zika-related unilateral acute maculopathy in an adult. Ophthalmology 123:112432–33
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Parola P, de Lamballerie X, Jourdan J, Rovery C, Vaillant V et al. 2006. Novel Chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:101493–99
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A et al. 2019. Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 33:41027–43
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Pielnaa P, Al-Saadawe M, Saro A, Dama MF, Zhou M et al. 2020. Zika virus-spread, epidemiology, genome, transmission cycle, clinical manifestation, associated challenges, vaccine and antiviral drug development. Virology 543:34–42
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Piot P, Spencer J. 2018. From 1976 to 2018: reflections on early investigations into the Ebola virus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 112:12527–28
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Plourde AR, Bloch EM. 2016. A literature review of Zika virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22:71185–92
     [Google Scholar]
  90. PREVAIL II Writ. Group Multi-Natl. PREVAIL II Study Team 2016. A randomized, controlled trial of ZMapp for Ebola virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 375:1448–56
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Raabe VN. 2020. Diagnostic testing for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Clin. Microbiol. 58:4e01580-19
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Reich NG, Shrestha S, King AA, Rohani P, Lessler J et al. 2013. Interactions between serotypes of dengue highlight epidemiological impact of cross-immunity. J. R. Soc. Interface 10:8620130414
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Reynolds MG, McCollum AM, Nguete B, Lushima RS, Petersen BW. 2017. Improving the care and treatment of monkeypox patients in low-resource settings: applying evidence from contemporary biomedical and smallpox biodefense research. Viruses 9:12380
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Richmond JK, Baglole DJ. 2003. Lassa fever: epidemiology, clinical features, and social consequences. Br. Med. J. 327:74261271–75
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Rifino N, Censori B, Agazzi E, Alimonti D, Bonito V et al. 2020. Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy. J. Neurol. 268:2331–38
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Rodriguez LL, De Roo A, Guimard Y, Trappier SG, Sanchez A et al. 1999. Persistence and genetic stability of Ebola virus during the outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J. Infect. Dis. 179:Suppl. 1S170–76
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Rota PA, Moss WJ, Takeda M, de Swart RL, Thompson KM, Goodson JL. 2016. Measles. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2:16049
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Sandford-Smith JH, Whittle HC. 1979. Corneal ulceration following measles in Nigerian children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 63:11720–24
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Saranappa Sb S Sowbhagya HN 2012. Panophthalmitis in dengue fever. Indian Pediatr. 49:9760
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Scott JT, Sesay FR, Massaquoi TA, Idriss BR, Sahr F, Semple MG. 2016. Post-Ebola syndrome, Sierra Leone. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22:4641–46
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, Gurley ES, Banu S et al. 2007. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann. Neurol. 62:3235–42
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Shah A, Babu R, Biswas J. 2018. Retinitis as the presenting feature of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in an Indian male: a case report. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 66:101491–93
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Shantha JG, Crozier I, Hayek BR, Bruce BB, Gargu C et al. 2017a. Ophthalmic manifestations and causes of vision impairment in Ebola virus disease survivors in Monrovia, Liberia. Ophthalmology 124:2170–77
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Shantha JG, Crozier I, Kraft CS, Grant DG, Goba A et al. 2021. Implementation of the Ebola Virus Persistence in Ocular Tissues and Fluids (EVICT) study: lessons learned for vision health systems strengthening in Sierra Leone. PLOS ONE 16:7e0252905
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Shantha JG, Crozier I, Yeh S. 2017b. An update on ocular complications of Ebola virus disease. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 28:6600–6
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Shayan S, Bokaean M, Shahrivar MR, Chinikar S. 2015. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Lab. Med. 46:3180–89
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Siam AL, Meegan JM, Gharbawi KF. 1980. Rift Valley fever ocular manifestations: observations during the 1977 epidemic in Egypt. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 64:5366–74
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Soares-Weiser K, Thomas S, Thomson G, Garner P. 2010. Ribavirin for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 10:207
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Soman Pillai V, Krishna G, Valiya Veettil M. 2020. Nipah virus: past outbreaks and future containment. Viruses 12:4465
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Song B-H, Yun S-I, Woolley M, Lee Y-M 2017. Zika virus: history, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation. J. Neuroimmunol. 308:50–64
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Su DH-W, Bacsal K, Chee S-P, Flores JVP, Lim W-K et al. 2007. Prevalence of dengue maculopathy in patients hospitalized for dengue fever. Ophthalmology 114:91743–47
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Sujatha R, Nousheen S, Nazlin A, Prakash S. 2015. Ocular manifestations of dengue fever. Int. J. Med. Sci. Public Health 4:5690–93
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Teoh SC, Chee CK, Laude A, Goh KY, Barkham T et al. 2010. Optical coherence tomography patterns as predictors of visual outcome in dengue-related maculopathy. Retina 30:3390–98
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Thomas SJ, Yoon I-K. 2019. A review of Dengvaxia®: development to deployment. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 15:102295–314
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Thorson A, Formenty P, Lofthouse C, Broutet N. 2016. Systematic review of the literature on viral persistence and sexual transmission from recovered Ebola survivors: evidence and recommendations. BMJ Open 6: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008859
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. Tiffany A, Vetter P, Mattia J, Dayer J-A, Bartsch M et al. 2016. Ebola virus disease complications as experienced by survivors in Sierra Leone. Clin. Infect. Dis. 62:111360–66
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Tipih T, Burt FJ. 2020. Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: advances in vaccine development. BioRes. Open Access 9:1137–50
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Treadwell TL. 1995. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed. 4. Edited by Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, and Raphael Dolin, 2, 803 Pp. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995. $295. Hepatology 22:61894
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Troumani Y, Touhami S, Jackson TL, Ventura CV, Stanescu-Segall DM et al. 2021. Association of anterior uveitis with acute Zika virus infection in adults. JAMA Ophthalmol. 139:195–102
     [Google Scholar]
  120. U.S. Food Drug Admin 2019. FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox Press Announc., U.S. Food Drug Admin. Silver Spring, MA: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox
  121. Valneva 2021. Valneva awarded FDA breakthrough designation for its single-shot Chikungunya vaccine candidate Press Release, Valneva Saint-Herblain, France: https://valneva.com/press-release/valneva-awarded-fda-breakthrough-designation-for-its-single-shot-chikungunya-vaccine-candidate/
  122. van Velden DJ, Meyer JD, Olivier J, Gear JH, McIntosh B. 1977. Rift Valley fever affecting humans in South Africa: a clinicopathological study. S. Afr. Med. J. 51:24867–71
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Vingolo EM, Messano GA, Fragiotta S, Spadea L, Petti S. 2015. Ocular manifestations of Ebola virus disease: an ophthalmologist's guide to prevent infection and panic. BioMed Res. Int. 2015:487073
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Vu DM, Jungkind D, LaBeaud AD. 2017. Chikungunya virus. Clin. Lab. Med. 37:2371–82
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Wang R, Zhang H, Peng C, Shi J, Zhang H, Gong R. 2021. Identification and characterization of a novel single domain antibody against Ebola virus. Virol Sin. 36:1600–10
     [Google Scholar]
  126. World Health Organ 2003. Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Rep. WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2003.11 World Health Organ. Geneva: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70863
  127. World Health Organ 2017. Lassa fever Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lassa-fever
  128. World Health Organ 2018. Rift Valley fever Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever
  129. World Health Organ 2021a. Ebola virus disease Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
  130. World Health Organ 2021b. Marburg virus disease Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease
  131. World Health Organ 2022a. Chikungunya Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya
  132. World Health Organ 2022b. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever
  133. World Health Organ 2022c. Dengue and severe dengue Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
  134. World Health Organ 2022d. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)
  135. World Health Organ 2022e. Monkeypox Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox
  136. World Health Organ 2022f. Zika virus Fact Sheet, World Health Organ. Geneva: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus
  137. Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X et al. 2020. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. 138:5575–78
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Yalinbas D, Komurluoglu A, Bozali E. 2021. Increased retinal vessel tortuosity associated with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 40:10880–84
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Yeşilbağ Z, Karadeniz A, Koçulu S, Kayhan CB. 2020. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings supporting preliminary diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in an endemic region in Turkey. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 132:19581–88
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Yip VC-H, Sanjay S, Koh YT. 2012. Ophthalmic complications of dengue fever: a systematic review. Ophthalmol Ther. 1:12
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504
Loading
Emerging Pathogenic Viral Infections of the Eye
Annual Review of Vision Science 9, 71 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error