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Advances in protein glycosylation and its role in tissue repair and regeneration

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Abstract

After tissue damage, a series of molecular and cellular events are initiated to promote tissue repair and regeneration to restore its original structure and function. These events include inter-cell communication, cell proliferation, cell migration, extracellular matrix differentiation, and other critical biological processes. Glycosylation is the crucial conservative and universal post-translational modification in all eukaryotic cells [1], with influential roles in intercellular recognition, regulation, signaling, immune response, cellular transformation, and disease development. Studies have shown that abnormally glycosylation of proteins is a well-recognized feature of cancer cells, and specific glycan structures are considered markers of tumor development. There are many studies on gene expression and regulation during tissue repair and regeneration. Still, there needs to be more knowledge of complex carbohydrates’ effects on tissue repair and regeneration, such as glycosylation. Here, we present a review of studies investigating protein glycosylation in the tissue repair and regeneration process.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

(adapted from Divya Thomas [120] et al.). Nucleoside diphosphate or monophosphate sugars are precursors for glycoprotein biosynthesis. Most cell surface and secreted proteins are pre-synthesized inside the cavity of the ER, with fractional glycosylated proteins entering the Golgi to undergo deeper workup or modification, followed by the distribution of fully glycosylated proteins to individual targets. The composition and functionalities of the delivered carrier proteins determine the cellar features of glycans, and glycosylated proteins play critical roles in cell adhesion, cells contact and messaging, integrin regulation, pathogen identification and interaction, and modulation of immune responses

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Fig. 5

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Data Availability

All data that support the findings of this study are included in this manuscript. The manuscript is not under consideration elsewhere for publication while being considered by the journal.

Abbreviations

CDG:

Congenital disorders of glycosylation

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

GPI:

Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchored linkage

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor Beta

PSGL-1:

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1

Fuc:

Fucose

Man:

Mannose

Gal:

Galactose

SA:

Sialic acid

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

GalNac:

N-acetylgalactosamine

Asn:

Asparagine

Ser:

Serine

Thr:

Threonine

DDR-2:

discoid domain receptor 2

OST:

Oligosaccharyltransferase

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factorβ

Pgant4:

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4

UDP:

Uridine diphosphate

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

Aβ:

Amyloid β-peptide

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

FUT:

Fucosyltransferase

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

PTM:

Post-translational modification

OGT:

O-GlcNAc transferase

OGA:

O-GlcNAcase

GAGs:

Glycosaminoglycans

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

CS:

Chondroitin sulfate

DS:

Dermatan sulfate

GlcAc:

Glucuronic acid

AIDs:

Autoimmune diseases

HCLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

UPLC:

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography

GC:

Gas chromatography

LC:

Liquid chromatography

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

PDGF:

Platelet derived growth factor

AEC:

Apical epidermal cap

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of P. R. China (No. 31670996).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China

    Zhongyu Yue, Yajie Yu, Boyuan Gao, Du Wang, Hongxiao Sun, Yue Feng, Zihan Ma & Xin Xie

  2. GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi’an, China

    Xin Xie

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Concept and design: Zhongyu Yue, Yajie Yu, Boyuan Gao; data collection and analysis: Du Wang, Hongxiao Sun, Yue Feng, Zihan Ma; drafting of the article for important intellectual content: Zhongyu Yue, Yajie Yu, Boyuan Gao, study supervision: Xin Xie. All authors reviewed the manuscript.“

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Yue, Z., Yu, Y., Gao, B. et al. Advances in protein glycosylation and its role in tissue repair and regeneration. Glycoconj J 40, 355–373 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-023-10117-8

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