Download PDF
Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43(02): 189-205
DOI: 10.1055/a-2107-0576
Review Article

To TIPS or Not to TIPS in High Risk of Variceal Rebleeding and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

Wenyi Gu
1   Department of Medical Clinic B, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
2   Medical Department I, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
,
Markus Kimmann
1   Department of Medical Clinic B, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
,
Wim Laleman
1   Department of Medical Clinic B, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
3   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Section of Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
,
Michael Praktiknjo
1   Department of Medical Clinic B, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
,
Jonel Trebicka
1   Department of Medical Clinic B, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
4   European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
5   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
› Author Affiliations Funding This study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) project ID 403224013–SFB 1382 (A09), by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for the DEEP-HCC project and by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts (HMWK) for the ENABLE and ACLF-I cluster projects. The MICROB-PREDICT (project ID 825694), DECISION (project ID 847949), GALAXY (project ID 668031), LIVERHOPE (project ID 731875), and IHMCSA (project ID 964590) projects have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The manuscript reflects only the authors' views, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The funders had no influence on study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints


Abstract

Variceal bleeding is a consequence of severe portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although the rate of bleeding has decreased over time, variceal bleeding in the presence of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) carries a high risk of treatment failure and short-term mortality. Treatment and/or removal of precipitating events (mainly bacterial infection and alcoholic hepatitis) and decrease of portal pressure may improve outcome of patients with acute decompensation or ACLF. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPSs), especially in the preemptive situation, have been found to efficiently control bleeding, prevent rebleeding, and reduce short-term mortality. Therefore, TIPS placement should be considered as an option in the management of ACLF patients with variceal bleeding.

Keywords

TIPS - acute-on-chronic liver failure - variceal bleeding - systemic inflammation


Publication History

Accepted Manuscript online:
07 June 2023

Article published online:
05 July 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Ginès P, Krag A, Abraldes JG, Solà E, Fabrellas N, Kamath PS. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 2021; 398 (10308): 1359-1376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gu W, Hortlik H, Erasmus HP. et al. Trends and the course of liver cirrhosis and its complications in Germany: nationwide population-based study (2005 to 2018). Lancet Reg Health Eur 2021; 12: 100240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K. et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380 (9859): 2095-2128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Mokdad AA, Lopez AD, Shahraz S. et al. Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12: 145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 de Franchis R. Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53 (04) 762-768
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 de Franchis R. Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015; 63 (03) 743-752
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006; 44 (01) 217-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P. et al; CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL–CLIF Consortium. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144 (07) 1426-1437 , 1437.e1–1437.e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016; 315 (08) 801-810
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Trebicka J, Fernandez J, Papp M. et al; PREDICT STUDY Group of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. The PREDICT study uncovers three clinical courses of acutely decompensated cirrhosis that have distinct pathophysiology. J Hepatol 2020; 73 (04) 842-854
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Trebicka J, Fernandez J, Papp M. et al; PREDICT STUDY Group of the EASL-CLIF Consortium.. PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2021; 74 (05) 1097-1108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hoshi H, Chu PS, Yoshida A. et al. Vulnerability to recurrent episodes of acute decompensation/acute-on-chronic liver failure characterizes those triggered by indeterminate precipitants in patients with liver cirrhosis. PLoS One 2021; 16 (04) e0250062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Arroyo V, Moreau R, Kamath PS. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2: 16041
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Medhat MA, Gushken F, Khaled T, Hassan E, El-Rehim AA, Kamel S. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in Egypt: an underestimated complication of liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33 (1S, Suppl 1): e458-e463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Masnou H, Luna D, Castillo E. et al. Prevalence and outcomes of acute-on-chronic liver failure among cirrhotic patients admitted for an acute decompensation. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 45 (06) 424-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Trebicka J, Gu W, Ibáñez-Samaniego L. et al; International Variceal Bleeding Observational Study Group and Baveno Cooperation. Rebleeding and mortality risk are increased by ACLF but reduced by pre-emptive TIPS. J Hepatol 2020; 73 (05) 1082-1091
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Dominguez C, Romero E, Graciano J, Fernandez JL, Viola L. Prevalence and risk factors of acute-on-chronic liver failure in a single center from Argentina. World J Hepatol 2016; 8 (34) 1529-1534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Rogalski P, Zaborowska M, Mazur M. et al. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage as an acute-on-chronic liver failure trigger in cirrhotic patients. Adv Clin Exp Med 2022; 31 (08) 863-871
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Choi JW, Kwak JY, Lee SS. et al. Clinical features of hepatitis C virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure in a Korean population. Korean J Gastroenterol 2022; 80 (04) 169-176
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Campello E, Zanetto A, Bulato C. et al. Coagulopathy is not predictive of bleeding in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2021; 41 (10) 2455-2466
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 da Silva Boteon APC, Chauhan A, Boteon YL. et al. Predictive factors for 28-day mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51 (10) 1416-1422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Alempijevic T, Zec S, Nikolic V. et al. Erythropoietin in predicting prognosis in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2016; 25 (04) 473-479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Hernaez R, Kramer JR, Liu Y. et al. Prevalence and short-term mortality of acute-on-chronic liver failure: a national cohort study from the USA. J Hepatol 2019; 70 (04) 639-647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Amarapurkar D, Dharod MV, Chandnani M. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective study to determine the clinical profile, outcome, and factors predicting mortality. Indian J Gastroenterol 2015; 34 (03) 216-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Zhao H, Zhao R, Hu J. et al. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics, and impact on prognosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13 (03) 263-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Chen T, Yang Z, Choudhury AK. et al. Complications constitute a major risk factor for mortality in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients: a multi-national study from the Asia-Pacific region. Hepatol Int 2019; 13 (06) 695-705
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Cai JJ, Wang K, Jiang HQ, Han T. Characteristics, risk factors, and adverse outcomes of hyperkalemia in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. BioMed Res Int 2019; 6025726
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Shin J, Yu JH, Jin YJ. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure as a major predictive factor for mortality in patients with variceal bleeding. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26 (04) 540-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Wu T, Li J, Shao L. et al; Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B (COSSH).. Development of diagnostic criteria and a prognostic score for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gut 2018; 67 (12) 2181-2191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C. ; Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2022; 76 (04) 959-974
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Wen Y, Peng SF, Fu L. et al. Serum levels of miRNA in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17 (02) 126-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Yin S, Wang SJ, Gu WY, Zhang Y, Chen LY, Li H. Risk of different precipitating events for progressing to acute-on-chronic liver failure in HBV-related cirrhotic patients. J Dig Dis 2017; 18 (05) 292-301
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Nakayama N, Uemura H, Uchida Y. et al. A multicenter pilot survey to clarify the clinical features of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Japan. Hepatol Res 2018; 48 (04) 303-312
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Wang T, Tan W, Wang X. et al; Chinese (Acute on) Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (Ch-CLIF.C). Role of precipitants in transition of acute decompensation to acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol 2022; 4 (10) 100529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Mahmud N, Sundaram V, Kaplan DE, Taddei TH, Goldberg DS. Grade 1 acute on chronic liver failure is a predictor for subsequent grade 3 failure. Hepatology 2020; 72 (01) 230-239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Al-Mahtab M, Akbar SM, Garg H. Influence of variceal bleeding on natural history of ACLF and management options. Hepatol Int 2016; 10 (03) 436-439
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (09) 823-832
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rodge GA, Goenka U, Goenka MK. Management of refractory variceal bleed in cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12 (02) 595-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A. et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (12) 1071-1081
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Sharma BC, Sharma P, Lunia MK, Srivastava S, Goyal R, Sarin SK. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing rifaximin plus lactulose with lactulose alone in treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108 (09) 1458-1463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Bucsics T, Schoder M, Goeschl N. et al. Re-bleeding rates and survival after early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in clinical practice. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49 (12) 1360-1367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C. et al; Early TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) Cooperative Study Group. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (25) 2370-2379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Garcia-Pagán JC, Di Pascoli M, Caca K. et al. Use of early-TIPS for high-risk variceal bleeding: results of a post-RCT surveillance study. J Hepatol 2013; 58 (01) 45-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Lv Y, Yang Z, Liu L. et al; AVB-TIPS Study Group. Early TIPS with covered stents versus standard treatment for acute variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4 (08) 587-598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Njei B, McCarty TR, Laine L. Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in US patients hospitalized with acute esophageal variceal bleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32 (04) 852-858
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Zhou GP, Jiang YZ, Sun LY, Zhu ZJ. Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for acute variceal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2021; 31 (07) 5390-5399
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hernández-Gea V, Procopet B, Giráldez Á. et al; International Variceal Bleeding Observational Study Group and Baveno Cooperation. Preemptive-TIPS improves outcome in high-risk variceal bleeding: an observational study. Hepatology 2019; 69 (01) 282-293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Garg H, Kumar A, Garg V. et al. Hepatic and systemic hemodynamic derangements predict early mortality and recovery in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 (08) 1361-1367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Sharma S, Agarwal S, Saraya A. et al; APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) for APASL ACLF Working Party. Acute variceal bleeding portends poor outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a propensity score matched study from the APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC). Hepatol Int 2022; 16 (05) 1234-1243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Ye QX, Huang JF, Xu ZJ, Yan YY, Yan Y, Liu LG. Short-term prognostic factors for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10 (23) 8186-8195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Guo HY, Zhang ZG, Zhang YY. et al. Risks and predicting factors of bleeding complications in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Turk J Gastroenterol 2020; 31 (09) 620-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Kulkarni S, Sharma M, Rao PN, Gupta R, Reddy DN. Acute on chronic liver failure-in-hospital predictors of mortality in ICU. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8 (02) 144-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Selva Rajoo A, Lim SG, Phyo WW. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in a multi-ethnic Asian city: a comparison of patients identified by Asia-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver and European Association for the Study of the Liver definitions. World J Hepatol 2017; 9 (28) 1133-1140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Shalimar, Saraswat V, Singh SP. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in India: the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver consortium experience. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31 (10) 1742-1749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 55 Agrawal S, Duseja A, Gupta T, Dhiman RK, Chawla Y. Simple organ failure count versus CANONIC grading system for predicting mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 (03) 575-581
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 56 Zhang X, Chen P, Gao H. et al. Bacterial infection and predictors of mortality in patients with autoimmune liver disease-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5108781
      PubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 57 Weng WZ, Chen JF, Peng XH. et al. Risk factors for underlying comorbidities and complications in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150: e147
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 58 Liu F, Zou Z, Shen L. et al. A prediction model for outcome in patients with HBV-ACLF based on predisposition, injury, response and organ failure. Sci Rep 2020; 10 (01) 20176
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 59 Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Albillos A. et al. [Portal hypertension: recommendations for evaluation and treatment: consensus document sponsored by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) and the Biomedical Research Network Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases(CIBERehd)]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 35 (06) 421-450
      PubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 60 Reverter E, Tandon P, Augustin S. et al. A MELD-based model to determine risk of mortality among patients with acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2014; 146 (02) 412-19.e3
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 61 Praktiknjo M, Monteiro S, Grandt J. et al. Cardiodynamic state is associated with systemic inflammation and fatal acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2020; 40 (06) 1457-1466
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 62 Gustot T, Fernandez J, Garcia E. et al; CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis. Hepatology 2015; 62 (01) 243-252
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 63 Clària J, Stauber RE, Coenraad MJ. et al; CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium and the European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF). Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 2016; 64 (04) 1249-1264
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 64 Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 2017; 65 (01) 310-335
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 65 Zanetto A, Pelizzaro F, Campello E. et al. Severity of systemic inflammation is the main predictor of ACLF and bleeding in individuals with acutely decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2023; 78 (02) 301-311
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 66 Kumar R, Kerbert AJC, Sheikh MF. et al. Determinants of mortality in patients with cirrhosis and uncontrolled variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2021; 74 (01) 66-79
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 67 Rodrigues SG, Mendoza YP, Bosch J. Beta-blockers in cirrhosis: evidence-based indications and limitations. JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol 2019; 2 (01) 100063
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 68 Villanueva C, Torres F, Sarin SK. et al; Carvedilol-IPD-MA-Group and the Baveno Cooperation: an EASL Consortium. Carvedilol reduces the risk of decompensation and mortality in patients with compensated cirrhosis in a competing-risk meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2022; 77 (04) 1014-1025
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 69 Kumar M, Kainth S, Choudhury A. et al. Treatment with carvedilol improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Int 2019; 13 (06) 800-813
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 70 Mookerjee RP, Pavesi M, Thomsen KL. et al; CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Treatment with non-selective beta blockers is associated with reduced severity of systemic inflammation and improved survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2016; 64 (03) 574-582
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 71 Sersté T, Melot C, Francoz C. et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010; 52 (03) 1017-1022
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 72 Sersté T, Francoz C, Durand F. et al. Beta-blockers cause paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a cross-over study. J Hepatol 2011; 55 (04) 794-799
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 73 Kalambokis GN, Christodoulou D, Baltayiannis G, Christou L. Propranolol use beyond 6 months increases mortality in patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis and ascites. Hepatology 2016; 64 (05) 1806-1808
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 74 Boyer TD. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: current status. Gastroenterology 2003; 124 (06) 1700-1710
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 75 Rössle M, Siegerstetter V, Euringer W. et al. The use of a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent graft for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): long-term follow-up of 100 patients. Acta Radiol 2006; 47 (07) 660-666
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 76 Rössle M, Gerbes AL. TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax: a critical update. Gut 2010; 59 (07) 988-1000
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 77 Rössle M. TIPS: 25 years later. J Hepatol 2013; 59 (05) 1081-1093
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 78 Trebicka J. Does transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent differentially improve survival in a subset of cirrhotic patients?. Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38 (01) 87-96
      Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 79 Praktiknjo M, Clees C, Pigliacelli A. et al. Sarcopenia is associated with development of acute-on-chronic liver failure in decompensated liver cirrhosis receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2019; 10 (04) e00025
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 80 Naseer M, Turse EP, Syed A, Dailey FE, Zatreh M, Tahan V. Interventions to improve sarcopenia in cirrhosis: a systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7 (02) 156-170
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 81 Praktiknjo M, Book M, Luetkens J. et al. Fat-free muscle mass in magnetic resonance imaging predicts acute-on-chronic liver failure and survival in decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 2018; 67 (03) 1014-1026
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 82 Klein LM, Chang J, Gu W. et al. The development and outcome of acute-on-chronic liver failure after surgical interventions. Liver Transpl 2020; 26 (02) 227-237
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 83 Chang J, Bamarni A, Böhling N. et al. Elective surgery but not transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt precipitates acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5 (07) 1265-1277
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 84 Praktiknjo M, Abu-Omar J, Chang J. et al. Controlled underdilation using novel VIATORR® controlled expansion stents improves survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt implantation. JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol 2021; 3 (03) 100264
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 85 Trebicka J. Emergency TIPS in a Child-Pugh B patient: When does the window of opportunity open and close?. J Hepatol 2017; 66 (02) 442-450
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 86 Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Pagan JC. Portal hypertension and gastrointestinal bleeding. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28 (01) 3-25
      Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 87 Burroughs AK, Patch D. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19 (04) 457-473
      Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 88 Abraldes JG, Villanueva C, Bañares R. et al; Spanish Cooperative Group for Portal Hypertension and Variceal Bleeding. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol 2008; 48 (02) 229-236
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 89 Ben-Ari Z, Cardin F, McCormick AP, Wannamethee G, Burroughs AK. A predictive model for failure to control bleeding during acute variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 1999; 31 (03) 443-450
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 90 Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60 (08) 646-649
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 91 Escorsell A, Bañares R, García-Pagán JC. et al. TIPS versus drug therapy in preventing variceal rebleeding in advanced cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2002; 35 (02) 385-392
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 92 Thabut D, Pauwels A, Carbonell N. et al; des Hépato-Gastroentérologues des Hôpitaux Généraux (ANGH), Club Francophone pour l'Etude de l'Hypertension Portale (CFETHTP), CHOC Study Group collaborators. Cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension-related bleeding and an indication for early-TIPS: a large multicentre audit with real-life results. J Hepatol 2017; 68 (01) 73-81
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 93 Thabut D, Rudler M. Pre-emptive TIPS in high-risk patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding: is it finally time for a conclusion?. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4 (08) 572-573
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 94 Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M. et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33 (02) 464-470
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 95 Rudler M, Bureau C, Carbonell N. et al; French Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension (CFEHTP). Recalibrated MELD and hepatic encephalopathy are prognostic factors in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. Liver Int 2018; 38 (03) 469-476
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 96 Bambha K, Kim WR, Pedersen R, Bida JP, Kremers WK, Kamath PS. Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2008; 57 (06) 814-820
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 97 Burroughs AK, Triantos CK, O'Beirne J, Patch D. Predictors of early rebleeding and mortality after acute variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 6 (02) 72-73
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 98 Wang J, Wang AJ, Li BM. et al. MELD-Na: effective in predicting rebleeding in cirrhosis after cessation of esophageal variceal hemorrhage by endoscopic therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 48 (10) 870-877
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 99 Altamirano J, Augustin S, Muntaner L. et al. [Predicting very early rebleeding after acute variceal bleeding based in classification and regression tree analysis (CRTA).]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2010; 75 (01) 12-21
      PubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 100 Lv Y, Wang Z, Li K. et al. Risk stratification based on chronic liver failure consortium acute decompensation score in patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2021; 73 (04) 1478-1493
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 101 Bettinger D, Sturm L, Pfaff L. et al. Refining prediction of survival after TIPS with the novel Freiburg index of post-TIPS survival. J Hepatol 2021; 74 (06) 1362-1372
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 102 Monescillo A, Martínez-Lagares F, Ruiz-del-Arbol L. et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2004; 40 (04) 793-801
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 103 Lv Y, Zuo L, Zhu X. et al. Identifying optimal candidates for early TIPS among patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding: a multicentre observational study. Gut 2019; 68 (07) 1297-1310
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 104 Rudler M, Hernández-Gea V, Procopet BD. et al; for International Variceal Bleeding Observational Study Group: a Baveno Cooperation. Hepatic encephalopathy is not a contraindication to pre-emptive TIPS in high-risk patients with cirrhosis with variceal bleeding. Gut 2023; 72 (04) 749-758
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 105 Lv Y, Bai W, Zhu X. et al. CLIF-C AD score predicts survival benefit from pre-emptive TIPS in individuals with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding. JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol 2022; 4 (12) 100621
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 106 Rudler M, Cluzel P, Corvec TL. et al. Early-TIPSS placement prevents rebleeding in high-risk patients with variceal bleeding, without improving survival. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40 (09) 1074-1080
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 107 Depaire M, Larrue H, Rudler M, Nault JC, Bureau C. Futility criteria for preemptive TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding are still missing in most severe patients!. J Hepatol 2021; 74 (04) 997-999
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 108 Lv Y, Chen H, Luo B. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with or without gastro-oesophageal variceal embolisation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7 (08) 736-746
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 109 Wolter K, Praktiknjo M, Boie J. et al. Glue embolization of gastroesophageal varices during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) improves survival compared to coil-only embolization - a single-center retrospective study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 44 (08) 1240-1250
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 110 Maufa F, Al-Kawas FH. Role of self-expandable metal stents in acute variceal bleeding. Int J Hepatol 2012; 418369
      PubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 111 Holster IL, Kuipers EJ, van Buuren HR, Spaander MC, Tjwa ET. Self-expandable metal stents as definitive treatment for esophageal variceal bleeding. Endoscopy 2013; 45 (06) 485-488
      Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 112 Escorsell A, Bosch J. Self-expandable metal stents in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2011; 910986
      PubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 113 Escorsell À, Pavel O, Cárdenas A. et al; Variceal Bleeding Study Group. Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2016; 63 (06) 1957-1967
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 114 Gerbes AL, Gülberg V, Waggershauser T, Holl J, Reiser M. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for variceal bleeding in portal hypertension: comparison of emergency and elective interventions. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43 (11) 2463-2469
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 115 Maimone S, Saffioti F, Filomia R. et al. Predictors of re-bleeding and mortality among patients with refractory variceal bleeding undergoing salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64 (05) 1335-1345
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 116 Maiwall R, Jamwal KD, Bhardwaj A. et al. SX-Ella stent Danis effectively controls refractory variceal bleed in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63 (02) 493-501
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 117 Shi Y, Zheng MH, Yang Y. et al. Increased delayed mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure who have prior decompensation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 (04) 712-718
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 118 Jalan R, Stadlbauer V, Sen S, Cheshire L, Chang YM, Mookerjee RP. Role of predisposition, injury, response and organ failure in the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2012; 16 (06) R227
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 119 Liu HM, Wang XB, Zeng H, Yang ZY. [Survival analysis of short-term prognosis of patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 92 (01) 21-24
      PubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 120 Schultheiss M, Bettinger D, Sturm L. et al. Comparison of the covered self-expandable Viatorr CX stent with the covered balloon-expandable BeGraft peripheral stent for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation: a single-centre retrospective study in patients with variceal bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2022; 45 (05) 542-549
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 121 Boike JR, Mazumder NR, Kolli KP. et al; Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches (ALTA) Study Group. Outcomes after TIPS for ascites and variceal bleeding in a contemporary era - an ALTA group study. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116 (10) 2079-2088
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 122 Sun XY, Wang GC, Wang J, Huang GJ, Zhang CQ. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is effective in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis and variceal bleeding. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20 (02) 128-136
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 123 Korsic S, Stabuc B, Skok P, Popovic P. TIPS vs. endoscopic treatment for prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding: a long-term follow-up of 126 patients. Radiol Oncol 2021; 55 (02) 164-171
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 124 Niekamp A, Kuban JD, Lee SR. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts reduce variceal bleeding and improve survival in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020; 31 (09) 1382-1391.e2
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 125 Zhou Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z. et al. PTFE-covered TIPS is an effective treatment for secondary preventing variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with high risks. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32 (09) 1235-1243
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 126 Lv Y, Qi X, He C. et al; PVT-TIPS Study Group.. Covered TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2018; 67 (12) 2156-2168
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 127 Holster IL, Tjwa ET, Moelker A. et al. Covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic therapy + β-blocker for prevention of variceal rebleeding. Hepatology 2016; 63 (02) 581-589
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 128 Sauerbruch T, Mengel M, Dollinger M. et al; German Study Group for Prophylaxis of Variceal Rebleeding. Prevention of rebleeding from esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis receiving small-diameter stents versus hemodynamically controlled medical therapy. Gastroenterology 2015; 149 (03) 660-8.e1
      CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    • 129 Sauer P, Hansmann J, Richter GM, Stremmel W, Stiehl A. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus propranolol vs. transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt: a long-term randomized trial. Endoscopy 2002; 34 (09) 690-697
      Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar