Abstract
In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, the synthesis of cost-effective nonionic surfactants has been the subject of greater scientific interest. The present study focuses on the synthesis of sulfonyl chloride derivatives as nonionic surfactants (surfactant 1 and surfactant 2) and their evaluation for the preparation of a clarithromycin-loaded niosomal drug delivery system. Surfactants 1 and 2 were characterised by EI-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The shape and size of the drug-loaded niosomal vesicles from the synthesised surfactants were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and revealed a round morphology with an average size of (230.8 ± 2.35) nm and (248.1 ± 2.54) nm for the vesicles of surfactant 1 and surfactant 2, respectively. The zeta potential of surfactant 1-based niosomal vesicles was (– 7.70 ± 1.00) mV and that of surfactant 2 was (−14.6 ± 1.08) mV. The lower zeta potential values for surfactant 1 and surfactant 2-based niosomal vesicles showed that these vesicles were neutral and relatively stable. The vesicles of surfactant 1 and 2 have a capacity to entrap the drug of about (62 ± 2.26) % and (69.67 ± 3.23) %, respectively. The vesicles of surfactant 1 released the largest amount of drug, i.e. (70.00 ± 2.45) % at pH 1.2. Biocompatibility in human blood and toxic effects on various cell lines were also studied for surfactants 1 and 2, and they were found to be biocompatible and non-cytotoxic.
About the authors
Imdad Ali is PhD scholar based at HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Pakistan. His research focuses the synthesis of non-ionic surfactants for various applications. He has published more than twenty research papers in peer reviewed journals.
Dr. Sarzamin Khan is Assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry University of Swabi, Pakistan. His research interests include synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles and their Analytical applications, development of sensor for pollutants of environmental and biological samples.
Samrein Ahmed is lecturer in school of health science. She works on cancer cell line and natural product chemistry.
Serab Khan is Ph.D. Scholar in HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), Karachi University, Pakistan. He has three research articles in reputed journals.
Prof. Dr. Heyam Saad Ali was Former as a [HOD] in pharmaceutics department in Dubai Pharmacy College for nearly twenty years, Dubai, UAE, and currently University of Khartoum, Prof. Heyam contributed more than 80 articles to reputed international scientific journals. She has been invited as speaker to numerous national and international conferences and also reviewer and member of editorial board of many international journals.
Dr. Raiz Ullah Shafiullah is a pharmacist having PhD degree in Pharmacy from University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan. He is currently working as Manager Regulatory and Data Management Unit in Center for Bioequivalence Studies and Clinical Research. His research interests include synthesis of non-ionic surfactants for various applications, Bioequivalence of Generic Drugs and Pharmacokinetic Studies in human and animal models. Dr. ShafiUllah has published more than thirty research papers in peer reviewed journals and is author of 3 books published with reputed publishers.
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Raza Shah is a Full Professor at the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Pakistan. He is also the Head of the Center for Bioequivalence Studies and Clinical Research (CBSCR) and the recipient of numerous awards, including the civil award Tamgha-i-Imtiaz from President of Pakistan, and the Dr. M. Raziuddin Siddiqi Prize (2015) for Scientists under 40 in the Field of Chemistry by Pakistan Academy of Sciences. He has written over 280 peer-reviewed journal papers.
Dr. Zafar Ali Shah is an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi. He has strong expertise in the field of organic synthesis and natural product Chemistry.
Acknowledgment
All the authors acknowledge International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan, and King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia for providing lab facilities.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This research work was supported by researchers supporting project Number RSP2023R110 at King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia.
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Conflict of interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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