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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 June 2023
The centenary of the Irish Revolution has just concluded, with 2023 marking the hundredth anniversary of the ‘dump arms’ order which ended, albeit ambiguously, the civil war of 1922–3. European history has been accustomed to marking centenaries during the past ten years, from the First World War which overturned a global order, to the Russian Revolution which created a new one, to the post-war national reverberations which created revolutions of their own. The enthusiasm with which these have been marked across Europe has varied considerably, with the sombre ne plus jamais tones of the centenary of the First World War giving way rapidly to the muted if not entirely absent commemorations of the October Revolution in Russia. The island of Ireland has perhaps been more wedded than elsewhere in Europe to the relentless treadmill of centenaries, with the Irish state formally dating its existence to the vanguardist rebellion, popular mandates and political institutions that occurred between 1916 and 1922, and Northern Ireland being dated to 1920. The ‘Decade of Centenaries’, as it is known in Ireland, has been unfolding according to a carefully arranged schedule since 2012; the end, marking the ambiguous conclusion of the Irish Civil War, is finally upon us. The implications of the ‘Decade’ for public history, for the position of professional historians within and outside the academy, and for the broader understanding of the revolutionary decade are significant and have generated their own critical literature.
1 See Sara McQuaid, Dybris and McGarry, Fearghal, eds., ‘Special Issue: Politics and Narrative in Ireland's Decade of Commemorations’, Éire-Ireland, 57, 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 2022), 8–24Google Scholar; Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid, ‘Historians and the Decade of Centenaries in Modern Ireland’, Contemporary European History, forthcoming; Éoin Flannery and Eugene O'Brien, ‘Special Issue: Critiquing Crisis and Commemoration’, Irish Studies Review, 30, 4 (2022), 375–86Google Scholar; Daly, Mary and O'Callaghan, Margaret, eds., 1916 in 1966: Commemorating the Easter Rising (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2007)Google Scholar; Higgins, Roisín, Transforming 1916: Meaning, Memory and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Easter Rising (Cork: Cork University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Horne, John and Madigan, Edward, eds., Towards Commemoration: Ireland in War and Revolution, 1912–1923 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2013)Google Scholar.
2 Hart, Peter, The IRA At War, 1916–1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 5–6Google Scholar; Hannah K. Smyth, ‘“Permanent Reminders”: Digital Archives and the Irish Commemorative Impulse’ in Sara Dybris McGarry and Fearghal McQuaid (eds), ‘Special Issue: Politics and Narrative in Ireland's Decade of Commemorations’, Éire-Ireland, 57, 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 2022), 166–88.
3 Fitzpatrick, David, Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921: Provincial Experiences of War and Revolution (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1977), 232Google Scholar.
4 Beatty, Aidan, ‘An Irish Revolution Without a Revolution’, Journal of World Systems Research: Special Issue: Ireland in the World System, 22, 1 (2016), 54–76Google Scholar. Note also the question mark in David Fitzpatrick's edited collection Revolution? Ireland 1917–1923 (Dublin: Trinity History Workshop Publications, 1990).
5 Regan, John M., The Irish Counter-Revolution, 1921–1936: Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2000)Google Scholar; Foster, R. F., Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (London: Allen Lane, 2014)Google Scholar.
6 Recently, Terence Dooley has returned to this thesis, arguing for a bifurcated revolutionary process in Ireland that revolved around land redistribution: an initial wave in the 1880s and 1890s, and a resurgence of ‘land hunger’ serving as a driving force for social radicalisation and mass mobilisation in the 1920s. Dooley, Terence, Burning the Big House: The Story of the Irish Country House in a Time of War and Revolution (London: Yale University Press, 2022)Google Scholar. See also Campbell, Fergus, Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland, 1891–1921 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)Google Scholar and Boyce, D. George, The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1988)Google Scholar.
7 Mulholland, Marc, ‘How Revolutionary was “the Irish Revolution”’, Éire-Ireland, 56, 1 & 2 (Spring 2021), 143–79Google Scholar.
8 Ibid., 178.
9 Skocpol, Theda, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Dunn, John, Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972)Google Scholar; Goldstone, Jack, ed., Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies, 2nd edn (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace, 1994)Google Scholar.
10 Tilly, Charles, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (London: Routledge, 2005, first published 1995), 237Google Scholar.
11 Hart, Peter, ‘Defining the Irish Revolution’, in Augusteijn, Joost, ed., The Irish Revolution, 1912–1923 (London: Springer, 2003), 17–33Google Scholar.
12 Recent surveys in the Princeton History of Ireland, the Oxford Handbook of Irish History and the Cambridge History of Ireland have used the term ‘the Irish Revolution’, albeit without always reflecting on its suitability. An exception is Fearghal McGarry's chapter in the Cambridge History of Ireland which ascribes the adoption of the term ‘revolution’ to an ‘acknowledging not only the radical nature of the process by which a transfer of political sovereignty was brought about by violence, but also the extent to which it was bound up with wider strands of sectarian, agrarian and intra-communal conflict’. Fearghal McGarry, ‘Revolution, 1916–1923’, in Thomas Bartlett, ed., The Cambridge History of Ireland: Vol. 4: 1880 – Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 259–60. See also Hart, The IRA at War, 10–14.
13 Robert Lynch, The Partition of Ireland, 1918–1925 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019). See also the excellent public history work of Kieran Glennon, available at https://thebelfastpogrom.com/ (last accessed 12 May 2023) and Paddy Mulroe, available at https://theborderkitchen.blog/ (last accessed 12 May 2023).
14 David Fitzpatrick's, The Two Irelands, 1912–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) is a sparkling but rare example of a whole-island approach.
15 David Motadel, ed., Revolutionary World: Global Upheaval in the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021).
16 John M. Regan, ‘Southern Irish Nationalism as a Historiographical Problem’, The Historical Journal, 50, 1 (Mar. 2007), 197–223. See also Evi Gotzaridis, Trials of Irish History: Genesis and Evolution of a Reappraisal, 1938–2000 (London: Routledge, 2007) and Margaret O'Callaghan, ‘Genealogies of Partition: History, History-Writing and “the Troubles” in Ireland’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 9, 4 (2006), 619–34. See also Alvin Jackson, ‘Irish History in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries’, in Alvin Jackson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History (Oxford: Oxford Academic, 2014), 3–21.
17 Charles Townshend, ‘Historiography: Telling the Irish Revolution’, in Augusteijn, The Irish Revolution, 1–16.
18 There is much excellent scholarship on the Third Home Rule/Ulster Crisis. See D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day, eds., The Ulster Crisis (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006); Paul Bew, Ideology and the Irish Question (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994); Alvin Jackson, Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); James McConnel, The Irish Parliamentary Party and the Third Home Rule Crisis (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2013); and Timothy Bowman, Carson's Army: The Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910–1922 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007).
19 Keith Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Adrian Gregory and Senia Pašeta, eds., Ireland and the Great War: ‘A War to Unite Us All’? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002); John Horne, ed., Our War: Ireland and the Great War (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2008); Fionnuala Walsh, Irishwomen and the Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
20 The shelf of books on the Easter Rising is vast and has grown substantially since 2016. For two authoritative overviews, see Charles Townshend, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London: Penguin, 2006); and Fearghal McGarry, The Rising: Easter 1916 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). For essential background, see Foster, Vivid Faces.
21 James McConnel, ‘The Franchise Factor in the Defeat of the Irish Parliamentary Party, 1885–1918’, The Historical Journal, 47, 2 (2004), 355–78; Martin O'Donoghue, ‘“Ireland's Independence Day”: the 1918 Election Campaign in Ireland and the Wilsonian Moment’, European Review of History, 26, 5 (2019), 834–54; Michael Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party 1916–1923 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 122–68.
22 For more on this, see Charles Townshend, The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence (London: Allen Lane, 2013) and Maryann Valiulis, Portrait of a Revolutionary: General Richard Mulcahy and the Foundation of the Irish Free State (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992). There are many useful maps and much statistical information to be found in John Borgonovo et al., eds., Atlas of the Irish Revolution (Cork: Cork University Press, 2017).
23 David M. Leeson, The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920–1921 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
24 For a close analysis of the dynamics of some of these reprisals, see James S. Donnelly, ‘“Unofficial” British Reprisals and IRA Provocations, 1919–20: The Cases of Three Cork Towns’, Éire-Ireland, 45, 1 (2012), 152–97.
25 On Dáil courts, see Mary Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution: Dail Courts, 1920–1924 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994). For the broader context of how the republican movement engaged with British justice, see David Foxton, Revolutionary Lawyers: Sinn Féin and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916–1923 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008).
26 International public and political opinion, especially in the United States, was a key battleground. See Maurice Walsh, The News from Ireland: Foreign Correspondents and the Irish Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011).
27 See Arthur Mitchell, Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann, 1919–1922 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1995) for a thoughtful discussion of this. See also Charles Townshend, ‘The Irish Republican Army and the Development of Guerrilla Warfare, 1916–1921’, English Historical Review, 94, 371 (1979), 318–45 and Peter Hart, ‘The Geography of Revolution in Ireland, 1917–1923’, Past & Present, 155, 1 (1997), 142–76.
28 Kevin Matthews, Fatal Influence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics, 1920–1925 (Dublin: University College Dublin, 2004).
29 See Patrick Maume and Cornelius O'Leary, Controversial Issues in Anglo-Irish Relations (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004) and Colin Reid, The Lost Ireland of Stephen Gwynn: Irish Constitutional Nationalism and Cultural Politics, 1864–1950 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), 178–82.
30 Bryan Follis, A State Under Siege: The Establishment of Northern Ireland, 1920–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). See also various essays in Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid, Marie Coleman and Paul Bew, eds., Northern Ireland 1921–2021: Centenary Historical Perspectives (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2022).
31 These initiatives are ably charted in Michael Hopkinson, ed., The Last Days of Dublin Castle: The Mark Sturgis Diaries (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999). See also Ronan Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1923 (London: Faber, 2013).
32 Recent useful scholarship on the Treaty includes Charles Townshend, The Partition: Ireland Divided, 1885–1925 (London: Penguin, 2021); Gretchen Friemann, The Treaty (Dublin: Sandycove Press, 2021); Sean Donnelly, ‘Ireland in the Imperial Imagination: British Nationalism and the Anglo-Irish Treaty’, Irish Studies Review, 27, 4 (2019), 493–511.
33 Liam Weeks and Michael Ó Fáthartaigh, eds., The Treaty: Debating and Establishing the Irish State (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2018); Townshend, The Republic.
34 Matthew Lewis, ‘The Fourth Northern Division and the Joint-IRA Offensive, Apr.–July 1922’, War in History, 21, 3 (2014), 302–32. See also Darragh Gannon and Fearghal McGarry, eds., Ireland 1922: Independence, Partition, Civil War (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2022) for a vivid account of the turbulent events in the run-up to and first six months of the civil year.
35 On the Civil War, see Bill Kissane, The Politics of the Irish Civil War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); Gavin Foster, The Irish Civil War and Society: Politics, Class, and Conflict (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014); and Gemma Clark, Everyday Violence in the Irish Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
36 The intensity of the experience of imprisonment during the Irish Civil War is captured in Diarmaid Ferriter, Between Two Hells: The Irish Civil War (London: Profile Books, 2021).
37 See, for example, Aidan Beatty's review of Conor Morrissey's Protestant Nationalists in Ireland, 1900–1923 in American Historical Review, 126, 1 (2021), 386–7. An illuminating assessment of this trope is to be found in Alvin Jackson, ‘Irish History in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries’, in Alvin Jackson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 2–21.
38 The classic accounts of the revisionist debates are to be found in D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day, The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy (London: Routledge, 1996) and Ciarán Brady, ed., Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism, 1938–1994 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994).
39 David George Boyce, Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy 1918–1922 (London, 1972); Charles Townshend, Britain's Campaign in Ireland, 1919–2: The Development of Political and Military Policies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); David Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution (Cork: Cork University Press, 1977).
40 John Borgonovo, ‘Kilkenny: In Times of Revolution, 1900–1923 (Newbridge, 2018)’, by Eoin Swithin Walsh, Études Irlandaise, 44, 2 (2019), 161.
41 Irish Times, 30 Mar. 2019.
42 Fergus Campbell, ‘Land and Revolution Revisited’, in Fergus Campbell and Tony Varley, eds., The Land Question in Modern Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 154.
43 Jim Smyth, ‘Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution (Dublin, 1977), by David Fitzpatrick', Fortnight, 171 (1978), 14–15.
44 A. C. Hepburn, ‘Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution, by David Fitzpatrick', Irish Economic and Social History, 7, 1 (1980), 119–21.
45 T. W. Moody and Helen F. Mulvey, ‘Thirty Years’ Work in Irish History (IV)’, Irish Historical Studies, 17, 66 (1970), 151–84.
46 Irish Historical Studies, Committee of Management, Minutes of Meeting, 19 Mar. 1948, T.W. Moody Papers (TWMP), Trinity College Dublin Archive (TCDA), MS8549/96; Constitution of IHS, TWMP, MS8554(a)/3, TCDA. The authors would like to thank Colin Reid for these references.
47 Michael Laffan, ‘The Unification of Sinn Fein in 1917’, Irish Historical Studies, 17, 67 (1971), 353–79. Also see John O'Beirne-Ranelagh, ‘The IRA from the Treaty to 1924’, Irish Historical Studies, 20, 77 (1976), 26–39; John McColgan, ‘Implementing the 1921 Treaty: Lionel Curtis and Constitutional Procedure’, Irish Historical Studies, 20, 79 (1977), 312–33.
48 Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, xiv.
49 Ibid., xi.
50 Ibid., 116.
51 Irish Times, 21 Oct. 2015; Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921, xiv.
52 Alvin Jackson, ‘Irish History in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries’, in Alvin Jackson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 11.
53 Gary Kates, ‘Introduction’, in Gary Kates, ed., The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies (London: Routledge, 2005[1997], 2nd edn.), 2.
54 David Fitzpatrick, Afterthoughts II (unpublished manuscript), quoted in Georgina Fitzpatrick, email to authors, 24 Apr. 2022.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929–2014 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 24, 27.
58 Anne Byrne, Ricca Edmonson and Tony Varley, ‘Arensberg and Kimball and Anthropological Research in Ireland’, Irish Journal of Sociology, 23, 1 (2015), 22–61.
59 Marie Coleman, County Longford and the Irish Revolution, 1910–1923 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2003); Fergus J. M. Campbell, Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland, 1891–1921 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Wheatley, Nationalism and the Irish Party: Provincial Ireland 1910–1916 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Fergal McCluskey, Fenians and Ribbonmen: The Development of Republican Politics in East Tyrone, 1898–1918 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011).
60 Joost Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerilla Warfare: The Experience of Ordinary Volunteers in the War of Independence, 1916–1921 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1996).
61 Hart, The IRA at War, passim.
62 Hart, The IRA and Its Enemies, 21–38.
63 Ibid., 273–92.
64 The Kilmichael ambush (and Hart's claims) have recently been subjected to a forensic study by Eve Morrison, Kilmichael: The Life and Afterlife of an Ambush (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2022). See also Niall Meehan, ‘Examining Peter Hart’, Field Day Review, 10 (2014), 102–47; David Fitzpatrick, ‘Protestant Depopulation and the Irish Revolution’, Irish Historical Studies, 152 (2013), 643–70; Andy Bielenberg, John Borgonovo and James S. Donnelly, ‘“Something of the Nature of a Massacre”: The Bandon Valley Killings Revisited’, Éire-Ireland, 49, 3–4 (2014), 7–59. On the historiographical significance of all of this, see Ian McBride, ‘The Peter Hart Affair in Perspective: History, Ideology, and the Irish Revolution’, Historical Journal, 61, 1 (2018), 249–71.
65 Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Senia Pašeta, Irish Nationalist Women, 1900–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
66 See, for example, Ann Matthews, Renegades: Irish Republican Women, 1900–1922 (Cork: Mercier Press, 2010); Louise Ryan, ‘“Furies” and “Die-Hards”: Women and Irish Republicanism in the Early Twentieth Century’, Gender & History, 11 (1999), 256–75; Joanne Mooney Einacker, Irish Republican Women in America: Lecture Tours, 1916–1925 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2003); Mo Moulton, ‘“You Have Votes and Power”: Women's Political Engagement with the Irish Question in Britain, 1919–23’, Journal of British Studies, 52, 1 (2013), 179–204.
67 The most significant recent work on Markievicz is Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016). For reflections on the biographical trend in Irish history, see Michael Hopkinson, ‘Biography and Irish History’, in Allan Blackstock and Eoin Magennis, eds., Politics and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland, 1750–1850: Essays in Tribute to Peter Jupp (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2007), 194–208.
68 Linda Connolly, ‘Sexual Violence in the Irish Civil War: A Forgotten War Crime?’, Women's History Review, 30, 1 (2021), 126–43; Mary McAuliffe, ‘The Homefront as Battlefront: Women, Violence and the Domestic Space during War in Ireland, 1919–1921’, in Linda Connolly, ed., Women and the Irish Revolution: Feminism, Activism, Violence (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2020), 164–80; Lindsey Earner-Byrne, ‘The Rape of Mary M.: A Microhistory of Sexual Violence and Moral Redemption in 1920s Ireland’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 24, 1 (2015), 75–98.
69 Aidan J. Beatty, Masculinity and Power in Irish Nationalism, 1884–1938 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2016); Rebecca Mytton, ‘Revolutionary Masculinities in the IRA, 1916–1923’, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2020; Jennifer Redmond, ed., ‘Special Issue: Irish Masculinities in Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary Ireland’, Irish Studies Review, 29, 2 (2021).
70 Alvin Jackson, ‘Foreword – Ireland and Finland: Mr Gladstone, National and Transnational Historiographies’, Irish Historical Studies, 41, 160 (2017), 163–5.
71 J. J. Lee, Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 69.
72 Bill Kissane, ‘Democratisation, State Formation, and Civil War in Finland and Ireland: A Reflection on the Democratic Peace Hypothesis’, Comparative Political Studies, 27 (2004), 969–85; Bill Kissane, ‘Victory in Defeat? National Identity after Civil War in Finland and Ireland’, in John A. Hall and Siniša Malešević, eds., Nationalism and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 321–40; Kissane, Bill, ‘On the Shock of Civil War: Cultural Trauma and National Identity in Finland and Ireland’, Nations and Nationalism, 26, 1 (2020), 22–43Google Scholar.
73 McMahon, Richard and Newby, Andrew G., eds., ‘Introduction – Ireland and Finland, 1860–1930: Comparative and Transnational Histories’, Irish Historical Studies, 41, 160 (2017), 166–79Google Scholar; available at https://www.ucd.ie/artshumanities/newsandevents/professorrobertgerwarthwins25mercadvancedgrant/ (last accessed 25 Nov. 2022).
74 See, for example, the recent special issue of Irish Historical Studies on the Irish revolution and global history. Delaney, Enda and McGarry, Fearghal, ‘Introduction: A Global History of the Irish Revolution’, Irish Historical Studies, 44, 165 (2020), 1–10Google Scholar.
75 Dháibhéid, Caoimhe Nic et al., ‘Round Table: Decolonising Irish History? Possibilities, Challenges, Practices’, Irish Historical Studies, 45, 168 (2021), 303–32Google Scholar.
76 Mannion, Patrick and McGarry, Fearghal, eds., The Irish Revolution: A Global History (New York, NY: Glucksman Press, 2022)Google Scholar.
77 Gerwarth, Robert and Horne, John, eds., War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.
78 O'Halpin, Eunan and Corráin, Daithí Ó, The Dead of the Irish Revolution (London: Yale University Press, 2020)Google Scholar.
79 O'Toole, Fintan, Ship of Fools: How Stupidity and Corruption Sank the Celtic Tiger (London: Faber, 2009), 215Google Scholar.
80 Josephine Hoegaerts and Stephanie Olsen, ‘The History of Experience: Afterword’, in Ville Kivimäki, Sami Suodenjoki and Tanja Vahtikari, eds., Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland, 1800–2000 (Chichester: Palgrave Open Access, 2021), 375.
81 Boddice, Rob and Smith, Mark, Emotion, Sense, Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 23Google Scholar.
82 All these chapters are contained in Kivimäki, Suodenjoki and Vahtikari, eds., Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland.
83 Kelly, Matthew, ed., Nature and the Environment in Nineteenth-Century Ireland (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2019)Google Scholar.
84 O'Malley's, classic work includes two memoirs of the Irish Revolution, On Another Man's Wound (Dublin: Three Candles, 1936)Google Scholar and The Singing Flame (Tralee: Anvil Books, 1978). See Gladwin, Derek, ‘Topobiographical Inquiry: Lived Spaces, Place-Based Experiences, and Ecologies’, Éire-Ireland, 55, 3–4 (2020), 129–49Google Scholar.
85 Aiken, Síobhra, Spiritual Wounds: Trauma, Testimony and the Irish Civil War (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2022)Google Scholar; Beiner, Guy, Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)Google Scholar.
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