¹ Eating Disorder Statistics, Nat’l Ass’n of Anorexia Nervosa & Associated Disorders, https://anad.org/eating-disorders-statistics/ [https://perma.cc/7ELV-9549] (citing Jon Arcelus et al. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies, 68 Archives of Gen. Psychiatry 724 (2011)).

² Eating Disorder Statistics, supra note 1 (citing Deloitte Access Economics, The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America: A Report for the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders i, iv (2020), https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/ [https://perma.cc/H7NS-DJ3G]).

³ Eleni Lantzouni & Rosheen Grady, Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Practical Review and Update for Pediatric Gynecologists, 34 J. Pediatric Adolescence Gynecology 281, 281 (2021) (citing Rolly M. Ornstein et al. Distribution of eating disorders in children and adolescents using the proposed DSM-5 criteria for feeding and eating disorders, 53 J. Adolesc. Health 303, 304 (2013); David S. Rosen, Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents, 126 Pediatrics 1240 (2010); Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann, Adolescent eating disorders: update on definitions, symptomatology, epidemiology, and comorbidity, 24 Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics N. Am. 177 (2015)).

⁴ Eating Disorder Statistics, supra note 1 (citing M. Elizabeth Collins, Body figure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children, 10 Int’l J. of Eating Disorders 199 (1991); Suzanne W. Mcnutt et al., A longitudinal study of the dietary practices of black and white girls 9 and 10 years old at enrollment: The NHLBI growth and health study, 20 J. of Adolescent Health 27 (1997); A. M. Gustafson-Larson & R. D. Terry, Weight-related behaviors and concerns of fourth-grade children, 92 J. Am. Diet Assoc. 818 (1992); Kerri Boutelle et al., Weight Control Behaviors Among Obese, Overweight, and Nonoverweight Adolescents, 25 J. of Pediatric Psychol., 531 (2002); Greta Noordenbos et. al., Characteristics and Treatment of Patients with Chronic Eating Disorders, 10 J. of Treatment & Prevention, 15 (2002)).

⁵ Erin C. Accurso et al., Adaptation to family-based treatment for Medicaid-insured youth with anorexia nervosa in publicly-funded settings: Protocol for a mixed methods implementation scale-out pilot study, 9 J. of Eating Disorders 1, 2 (2021).

⁶ Canadian Paediatric Society Clinic, Eating Disorders in adolescents: Principles of diagnosis and treatment, 3 Paediatric Child Health 189, 190 (1998). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851329/pdf/pch03189.pdf.

⁷ Rehana Salam et. al, Impact of intrauterine growth restriction on long-term health 17 Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 249, 249 (2014); Jia Zhu and Yee-Ming Chan, Adult Consequences of Self-Limited Delayed Puberty 139 Pediatrics 1,1 (2017).

⁸ National Eating Disorders Association, Fact Sheet on Eating Disorders (July 10, 2010), https://www.pattymohlercounseling.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/NEDA.pdf.

⁹ Yael Latzer et. al, Addressing eating disorders through legislation: The Israeli ‘Models’ Law’—process, enactment, and dilemmas 1 Dialogues in Health (2022) 1, 1.

¹⁰ Mayo Clinic, Overview, Anorexia Nervosa (Feb. 20, 2018), https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591 [https://perma.cc/GTM3-ZM3W].

¹¹ Kathryn Castle & Richard Kreipe, Bulimia Nervosa, in Pediatric Clinical Advisor 85-86 (Lynn C. Garfunkel et. al. eds., 2d ed. 2007); Nori Geary, Appetite, in Encyclopedia of Hum. Behav. 187-198 (V.S. Ramachandran eds., 2d ed. 2012).

¹² C.M. Bulik & J.H. Baker, Genetics and Human Appearance, in Encyclopedia of Body Image & Hum. Appearance 453, 458 (Jonathan F. Cash, eds., 2d ed 2012).

¹³ Center for Discovery, OSFED Signs & Symptoms, https://centerfordiscovery.com/conditions/osfed/#:~:text=Other%20Specified%20Feeding%20and%20Eating,Manual%20(DSM%2DIV) [https://perma.cc/84YJ-N67J].

¹⁴ Lantzouni & Grady, supra note 3.

¹⁵ Anne M. Morris & Debra K. Katzman, The Impact of the Media on Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents, 8 Pediatrics & Child Health 287, 287-88 (2003).

¹⁶ Erin C. Accurso et al., Youth Insured By Medicaid With Restrictive Eating Disorders–Underrecognized and Underresourced, 175 JAMA Pediatr. 999, 999 (2021); Lisa Damour, Eating Disorders in Teens Have ‘Exploded’ in the Pandemic, N.Y. Times (Apr. 28, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/well/family/teens-eating-disorders.html [https://perma.cc/3BAY-T423].

¹⁷ Damour, supra note 16.

¹⁸ Eating Disorder Statistics, supra note 1; Anisa Durham, Eating Disorders in the Black Community Are More Common Than You Think, UNC Nutrition Res. Institute (Nov. 10, 2022), https://uncnri.org/2022/11/10/eating-disorders-in-the-black-community-are-more-common-than-you-think/ [https://perma.cc/V9RE-XY36]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Campus Health, Diversity in Eating Disorders, https://campushealth.unc.edu/health-topic/diversity-in-eating-disorders// [https://perma.cc/QC99-G25K] (even while rates of ED are higher among Black individuals than their white counterparts and gay males are “seven times more likely to binge and 12 times more likely to purge than straight males”).

¹⁹ Azza Altiraifi & Nicole Rapfogel, Mental Health Care Was Severely Inequitable, Then Came the Coronavirus Crisis, Ctr. For Am. Progress (Sept. 10, 2020, 9:05 AM) (citing U.S. Office of Pol’y Development and Rsch., Rental Housing Discrimination on the Basis of Mental Disabilities: Results of Pilot Testing, (Washington: U.S. Dep’t of Housing and Urban Development, 2017), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/MentalDisabilities-FinalPaper.pdf; Jenny Gold, Adults With Serious Mental Illnesses Face 80% Unemployment, Kaiser Health News (July 10, 2014), https://khn.org/news/report-adults-with-serious-mental-illnesses-face-80-unemployment/; Liat Ben-Moshe, Disabling Incarceration: Connecting Disability to Divergent Confinements in the USA, 39 Critical Socio. 385 (2011)).

²⁰ See Minaa B., Mental Health Treatment is a Privilege Many People Can’t Afford, Nat’l Alliance on Mental Illness, https://namiiowa.org/mental-health-treatment-privilege-many-people-cant-afford/ [https://perma.cc/9CNX-A3FB].

²¹ Jen Sugermeyer, Eating Disorders (ED), a Global Epidemic, De-stigmatizing ED to Save Lives, in Innovations in Global Mental Health 191, 200 (Samuel O. Opaku, ed., 2021).

²² Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 18001–18122 (2010).

²³ Substance Abuse & Mental Health Serv. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., Pub. ID SMA16-4971, Know Your Rights: Parity for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Benefits (2016).

²⁴ Community Mental Health Act of 1963, Pub. L. No. 88-164, 77 Stat. 282.

²⁵ Ellen Sutherland, Shifting Burdens: The Failures of the Deinstitutionalization Movement From the 1940s to the 1960s in American Society, 6 Constellations: Univ. of Alberta Student J. 35, 35-36 (2015).

²⁶ John F. Kennedy, Special Message on mental illness and mental retardation (Feb. 5, 1963), https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/052/JFKPOF-052-012 [https://perma.cc/G7XV-4TJA].

²⁷ Id.

²⁸ Community Mental Health Act of 1963, supra note 24; Blake Erickson, Deinstitutionalization Through Optimism: The Community Mental Health Act of 1963, 13 Am. J. of Psychiatry Residents’ J. 6, 6 (2011).

²⁹ Social Security Amendments of 1965, Pub. L. No. 89-97, 79 State. 286.

³⁰ Chris Koyanagi, Learning From History: Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness As Precursor to Long-Term Care Reform, the Kaiser Comm’n on medicaid and the Uninsured 1,6 (2007).

³¹ Id. at 9 (citing Jeffrey A. Buck, Medicaid, Health Care Financing Trends, and the Future of State-Based Public Mental Health Services 54 Psych. Servs. 969, 969 (2003)).

³² Gerald N. Grob, Public Pol’y and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter’s Presidential Commission on Mental Health, 83 Milbank Q. 425, 429 (2005).

³³ Id. at 437.

³⁴ Id. at 447; Ramya Sundararaman & C. Stephen Redhead, Cong. Rsch. Serv. RL 33820, The Mental Health Parity Act: A Legislative History 2 (2007); Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9401–9523.

³⁵ See E. Fuller Torrey, Fifty Years of Failing America’s Mentally Ill, Wall St. J., (Feb. 4, 2014).

³⁶ Id.

³⁷ Id.

³⁸ Grob, supra note 32, at 449; Pub. L. No. 96-398, 94 Stat. 1609.

³⁹ Koyanagi, supra note 30, at 8.

⁴⁰ Grob, supra note 32, at 428.

⁴¹ Colleen L. Barry et al., A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity, 88 Milbank Q. 404, 409 (2010); Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1992, S. 2696, 102nd Cong. (1992).

⁴² Id. at 409; Mental Health Parity Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-204, 110 Stat. 2874.

⁴³ Id.

⁴⁴ Norah Mulvaney- Day et. al., Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act and the Use of Outpatient Behavioral Services in the United States, 2005-2016, 109 Am. J. of Pub. Health 190, 190 (2019).

⁴⁵ Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring, 527 U.S. 581 (1999).

⁴⁶ Id.

⁴⁷ Id.; 28 CFR § 35.130(d).

⁴⁸ Id.; 28 CFR § 35.130(b)(7).

⁴⁹ U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., Serving People with Disabilities in the Most Integrated Setting: Community Living and Olmstead, https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/special-topics/community-living-and-olmstead/index.html [https://perma.cc/V3JE-NXLU].

⁵⁰ Barry, supra note 41, at 410.

⁵¹ 29 U.S.C. § 1185(a); Nat’l Alliance on Mental Illness, A Long Road Ahead Achieving True Parity in Mental Health and Substance Use Care 1, 1-2 (2015).

⁵² Id.; Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. §1001-1461).

⁵³ See Kaye Pestaina, Mental Health Parity at a Crossroads, Kaiser Fam. Found. (Aug. 18, 2022), https://www.kff.org/private-insurance/issue-brief/mental-health-parity-at-a-crossroads/ [https://perma.cc/D848-XD7K].

⁵⁴ Employee Benefits Security Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Fact Sheet: Mental Health Parity & Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (Jan. 29, 2010), https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ebsa/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/fact-sheets/mhpaea.pdf.

⁵⁵ Public Health Services Act, Pub. L. No. 78-410, 58 Stat. 682 (1944).

⁵⁶ Id; Application of Mental Health Parity Requirements to Coverage Offered by Medicaid Managed Care Organizations, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and Alternative Benefit Plans, 81 Fed. Reg. 18390 (March 30, 2016) (amending 42 C.F.R. §§ 438.900, 440.395, 457.496); MACPAC, Advising Congress on Medicaid and CHIP: Implementation of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act in Medicaid and CHIP 1, 1-3 (July 2021).

⁵⁷ MACPAC, supra note 56, at 4.

⁵⁸ Id. at 2224 (citing Keith E. Whittington, Dismantling the Modern State? The Changing Structural Found. of Federalism, 25 Hastings Const. L.Q. 483, 485 (1998)).

⁵⁹ Nicole Huberfeld & Sidney Watson, Medicaid’s Vital Role in Addressing Health and Economic Emergencies, Assessing Legal Responses to Covid-19, 103, 103 (2020).

⁶⁰ See generally Caroline V. Lawrence & Blake N. Shultz, Divide & Conquer? Lessons on Cooperative Federalism from a Decade of Mental-Health Parity Enforcement, 130 Yale L.J. 2216 (2021).

⁶¹ 42 U.S.C. §§ 18001–18122, supra note 22.

⁶² Id.

⁶³ 42 U.S.C. § 18022 (2010); Essential Health Benefits, U.S. Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Serv., https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/essential-health-benefits/ [https://perma.cc/JA3X-Z355].

⁶⁴ Sarah Hewitt, A Time to Heal: Eliminating Barriers to Coverage for Patients with Eating Disorders under the Affordable Care Act, 31 Minn. J. of L. & Inequality, 411, 414 (2013); Morgan C. Shields, How Could The 21^st Century Cures Act and The Joint Commission Improve Eating Disorder Care?, Health Aff. (June 28, 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20170628.060769/full/ [https://perma.cc/3B3T-QM4Q].

⁶⁵ Brian Gilmore, ACA Essential Health Benefits, Newfront (Feb. 1, 2020), https://www.newfront.com/blog/aca-essential-health-benefits [https://perma.cc/79YX-SCQ5].

⁶⁶ Lawrence, supra note 59, at 2224.

⁶⁷ Id. at 2225.

⁶⁸ Consolidated Appropriations Act, Pub. L. No. 116-260, 134 Stat. 1182; U.S. Dep’ts of Labor, Health & Hum. Sers., and Treasury, 2022 MHPAEA Report to Congress on the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Act of 2008 1, 11 (Jan. 25 2022), https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/laws-and-regulations/laws/mental-health-parity/report-to-congress-2022-realizing-parity-reducing-stigma-and-raising-awareness.pdf.

⁶⁹ Id.

⁷⁰ Arizona Dep’t of Insurance and Financial Institutions, What are Non-Quantitative Treatment Limitations (NQTL)?, https://difi.az.gov/faq/what-are-non-quantitative-treatment-limitations-nqtl [https://perma.cc/CPS5-WB9N].

⁷¹ 2022 MHPAEA Report to Congress supra note 68.

⁷² See Lynn Berry, The Joint Comm’n, Approved: New Requirements for Residential and Outpatient Eating Disorders Programs, 36 Joint Comm’n Perspectives 1 (2016), https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/enterprise/tjc/imported-resource-assets/documents/approved_new_req_residential_outpatient_eating_disorderpdf.pdf?db=web&hash=3EA65359BD16E79B472F0F5BE8ECD35E&hash=3EA65359BD16E79B472F0F5BE8ECD35E [https://perma.cc/A9X5-QPU6].

⁷³ Id. at 4.

⁷⁴ Sarah Gordon Chiaramida, Understanding the Mass. and Federal Mental Health Parity Laws, IV, OnPoint: Health Pol’y Brief 1, 1 (2016) (An Act Relative to Mental Health Benefits, ch. 80, (2000)).

⁷⁵ Id.

⁷⁶ Woo-kyoung Ahn et al., Mental Health Clinicians’ Beliefs About the Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Bases of Mental Disorders, 33, COGNITIVE SCI.: A Multidisciplinary J. 147, 151 (2009).

⁷⁷ Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 175, § 47B (2020).

⁷⁸ 42 U.S.C. § 1396; CHIP Pub. L. 1140919 129 Stat. 87; 21^st Century Cures Act Pub. L. 114-255, 130 Stat. 1033.

⁷⁹ Elizabeth Williams & MaryBeth Musumeci, Children with Special Health Care Needs: Coverage, Affordability, and HCBS Access, Kaiser Fam. Found. (Oct. 4, 2021), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/children-with-special-health-care-needs-coverage-affordability-and-hcbs-access/ [https://perma.cc/L7FX-WN3E].

⁸⁰ Id.

⁸¹ Medicaid, https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/index.html [https://perma.cc/Q6AT-HC2J].

⁸² Medicaid, Behavioral Health Services, https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/benefits/behavioral-health-services/index.html [https://perma.cc/6AZE-2MVX].

⁸³ Kaiser Fam. Found., Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions (Jul. 21, 2022), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/ [https://perma.cc/38J5-6HSS] (As of 2022, 39 states and Washington D.C. have adopted Medicaid expansion).

⁸⁴ Madeline Guth & Meghana Ammula, Building on the Evidence Base: Studies on the Effects of Medicaid Expansion, February 2020 to March 2021, Kaiser Fam. Found. (May 6, 2021), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/report/the-effects-of-medicaid-expansion-under-the-aca-updated-findings-from-a-literature-review/ [https://perma.cc/QJ75-9BHQ].

⁸⁵ Nat’l Acad. for State Health Pol’y, Mass. 2019 CHIP Fact Sheet, https://www.nashp.org//wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019CHIPFactSheet_Massachusetts_Final.pdf.

⁸⁶ Huberfeld, supra note 59, at 106.

⁸⁷ Id.

⁸⁸ Key CHIP Design Features, Medicaid and Chip Payment and Access Commission, https://www.macpac.gov/subtopic/key-design-features/#:~:text=CHIP%20gives%20states%20flexibility%20to,separate%20CHIP%20program%20for%20others [https://perma.cc/P3QD-BSWE].

⁸⁹ Substance use-disorder prevention that promotes opioid recovery and treatment for patients and communities act, Pub. L. No. 115-271, 132 Stat. 3894; Elisabeth Wright Burak, Behavioral Health Services in Separate State CHIP Programs: Is Your State in Compliance?, Geo. Health Pol’y Inst. Ctr. for Children & Fam. (May 29, 2020), https://ccf.georgetown.edu/2020/05/29/behavioral-health-services-in-separate-state-chip-programs-is-your-state-in-compliance/#:~:text=The%20SUPPORT%20Act%2C%20passed%20in,Health%20insurance%20Program%20(CHIP).&text=The%20SHO%20lays%20out%20the,and%20treatment%20states%20should%20detail [https://perma.cc/56EE-K8WT].

⁹⁰ Burak, supra note 89.

⁹¹ Id.; Calder Lynch, RE: Access to Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Services for Children and Pregnant Women in the Children’s Health Insurance Program, 20-002, (Dep’t of Health & Human Services March 2, 2020).

⁹² Burak, supra note 89; Lynch, supra note 91.

⁹³ 21^st Century Cures Act Pub. L. 114-255, 130 Stat. 1033; U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 21 ^st Century Cures Act (Jan. 31. 2020), https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/selected-amendments-fdc-act/21st-century-cures-act [https://perma.cc/ENB2-WEPL].

⁹⁴ Press Release, Eating Disorders Coalition, Congress Makes History by Passing First-Ever Eating Disorders Legislation (Dec. 7, 2016); H.R. 2515, 114th Cong. (2015), S. 1865 114th Cong. (2015).

⁹⁵ FAQS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER PARITY IMPLEMENTATION AND THE 21^ST CENTURY CARES ACT PART 38, Ctrs. for Medicaid & Medicare Serv. (June 16, 2017), https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Fact-Sheets-and-FAQs/Downloads/FAQ-Part-38.pdf.

⁹⁶ Hewitt, supra note 64, at 418.

⁹⁷ FAQS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH, supra note 89; 21st Century Cures Act, Pub. L. No. 114-255, 130 Stat. 1033.

⁹⁸ 21st Century Cures Act, Pub. L. No. 114-255, 130 Stat. 1033; Eating Disorders Coalition, Eating Disorders in the 21st Century Cures Act, http://eatingdisorderscoalition.org.s208556.gridserver.com/couch/uploads/file/eating-disorders-in-21st-century-cures.pdf

⁹⁹ Id.

¹⁰⁰ MACPAC, supra note 56, at 4.

¹⁰¹ Id.

¹⁰² Id.

¹⁰³ Marco Colizzi et. al., Prevention and early intervention in youth and mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care?, 12 Int’l J. of Mental Health Sys. 1, 1 (2020).

¹⁰⁴ Accurso, supra note 16, at 2.

¹⁰⁵ Renee D. Rienecke, Family-based treatment of eating disorders in adolescents: current insights, 8 Adolescent Health, Medicine & Therapeutics 69, 70-71 (2019).

¹⁰⁶ Hannah Sheldon-Sean, Family-Based Treatment for Eating Disorders, Child Mind Institute (Sept. 27, 2021), https://childmind.org/article/family-based-treatment-for-eating-disorders/ [https://perma.cc/9ZZZ-AKZ8].

¹⁰⁷ Rienecke supra note 105, at 71.

¹⁰⁸ Accurso, supra note 5, at 2.

¹⁰⁹ Janet Treasure & Gerald Russell, The case for early intervention in anorexia nervosa: theoretical exploration of maintaining factors, 199 The British J. of Psychol. 5, 5 (2011).

¹¹⁰ Accurso, supra note 16, at 2.

¹¹¹ Id. (citing Training Institute for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, Therapists certified in family-based treatment, http://train2treat4ed.com/certified-therapists-list [https://perma.cc/DW39-GX45]).

¹¹² Accurso, supra note 16, at 2.

¹¹³ Accurso supra note 5, at 2.

¹¹⁴ Accurso, supra note 16, at 2.

¹¹⁵ Jennifer Sullivan et. al., To Improve Behavioral Health, Start by Closing the Medicaid Coverage Gap, Center on Budget & Pol’y Priorities (Oct. 4, 2021), https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/to-improve-behavioral-health-start-by-closing-the-medicaid-coverage-gap [https://perma.cc/NZU3-MRVV]; Kaiser Fam. Found., supra note 70 (Eleven states have not fully adopted the ACA Medicaid expansion: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming).

¹¹⁶ Katherine Keisler-Starkey & Lisa N. Bunch, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019, U.S. Dep’t of Commerce (Sept. 2020), https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-271.pdf; The State of America’s Children 2021, Children’s Defense Fund, https://www.childrensdefense.org/state-of-americas-children/soac-2021-child-health/ [https://perma.cc/7XDU-5GEL].

¹¹⁷ Joan Akler and Alexandra Corcoran, Children’s Uninsured Rates Rises by Largest Annual Jump in More Than a Decade, Geo. Univ. Health Pol’y Inst. Ctr. for Child. & Families (2020), https://ccf.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ACS-Uninsured-Kids-2020_10-06-edit-3.pdf.

¹¹⁸ Jennifer M. Haley et. al., Progress in Children’s Coverage Continued to Stall Out in 2018, Urb. Inst. (Oct. 1, 2020), https://www.urban.org/research/publication/progress-childrens-coverage-continued-stall-out-2018 [https://perma.cc/UGV6-8LE9].

¹¹⁹ https://www.medicaid.gov/chip/downloads/fy-2020-childrens-enrollment-report.pdf.

¹²⁰ Phil Galewitz, Number of U.S. Kids Who Don’t Have Health Insurance is on the Rise, NPR (Nov. 29, 2019), https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/29/671666280/number-of-u-s-kids-who-dont-have-health-insurance-is-on-the-rise [https://perma.cc/PP8X-JYM9] (citing Joan Alker & Olivia Pham, Nation’s Progress on Children’s Health Coverage Reverses Course, Geo. Health Pol’y Inst. Ctr. for Children & Families (2018)).

¹²¹ Joyce Frieden, Everybody Loves CHIP, So Why Isn’t It Permanently Funded?, MedPage Today (April 18, 2022), https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/healthpolicy/98249 [https://perma.cc/QP3F-6JKS].

¹²² Phil Galewitz, 4 Takeaways From Trump’s Plan To Rescind CHIP Funding, Kaiser Health News (May 8, 2018), https://khn.org/news/4-takeaways-from-trumps-plan-to-rescind-chip-funding/ [https://perma.cc/M49N-2F4A]; Phil Galewitz, With CHIP in Limbo, Here Are 5 Takeaways On The Congressional Impasse, Kaiser Health News (Dec. 1, 2017), https://khn.org/news/with-chip-in-limbo-here-are-5-takeaways-on-the-congressional-impasse/ [https://perma.cc/89G5-DRHJ].

¹²³ Ctr. on Budget & Pol’y Priorities, Trump administration’s Harmful Changes to Medicaid (2020), https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/6-12-19health.pdf.

¹²⁴ Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar, Rise in health uninsured may be linked to immigrants’ fears, AP News (Sept. 15, 2019), https://apnews.com/article/health-census-2020-ap-top-news-politics-business-4f2a8639b841406880f4d61cd253a77d [https://perma.cc/D93Q-3HLV].

¹²⁵ MACPAC, supra note 56.

¹²⁶ Id.

¹²⁷ Gary W. Reinbold, State Medicaid and CHIP options and child insurance outcomes: an investigation of 83 state options with state-level panel data, 13 World Med. & Health Pol’y 436, 437 (2021).

¹²⁸ Huberfeld, supra note 59, at 107.

¹²⁹ Covering All Kids in 2022: 13,000 Children Shouldn’t Have to Wait Another Year, The Commonwealth Inst. (Jan. 26, 2022), https://thecommonwealthinstitute.org/the-half-sheet/covering-all-kids-in-2022-13000-children-shouldnt-have-to-wait-another-year/ [https://perma.cc/J3ZF-HG3J].

¹³⁰ Eating Disorder Statistics, supra note 1.

¹³¹ Elizabeth Koh, Medicaid patient with anorexia struggles to get treatment, Miami Herald (May 29, 2018), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi3-eXOmN77AhVMLFkFHaFAChIQFnoECAcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth-care%2Farticle211743659.html&usg=AOvVaw10YOPso_JKoFqM20dfzcCW [https://perma.cc/4LQV-UT6B].

¹³² Deb Gordon, Despite Progress, Patients Still Struggle with Insurance Coverage For Eating Disorder Treatment, Forbes (Feb. 26, 2021), https://www.forbes.com/sites/debgordon/2021/02/26/despite-progress-patients-still-struggle-with-insurance-coverage-for-eating-disorder-treatment/?sh=68d9ec8122b8 [https://perma.cc/N6NE-26W2] (citing Deloitte Access Economics, The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America: A Report for the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders i, 39 (2020), https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/ [https://perma.cc/7TF3-T465]).

¹³³ Gordon, supra note 132.

¹³⁴ Kirsten Swanson & Joe Augustine, Wrongfully denied: Minnesotans fighting mental illness denied coverage from insurance providers, KSTP (updated Jan. 27, 2022), https://kstp.com/5-investigates/wrongfully-denied-minnesotans-fighting-mental-illness-denied-coverage-from-insurance-providers/ [https://perma.cc/M2F3-JV6R] (In Minnesota, a 12-year old was diagnosed with anorexia and her health insurance provider determined that her recommended in-patient treatment was not “medically necessary.” A teenager sent to the emergency room by her psychiatrist because of ED was denied coverage because her insurer asserted she simply needed “hydration.”).

¹³⁵ Alex Ruoff, Biden’s Call for Mental Health Coverage Sparks Legislative Push, Bloomberg Law (Mar. 15, 2022), https://www.bloomberglaw.com/product/blaw/bloomberglawnews/employee-benefits/BNA%200000017f-75b8-d06a-ab7f-f7bfd8d50001?bwid=0000017f-75b8-d06a-ab7f-f7bfd8d50001 [https://perma.cc/52UY-FTLG].

¹³⁶ Id.; 2022 MHPAEA Report to Congress, supra note 71, at 14.

¹³⁷ Ruoff, supra note 127.

¹³⁸ Rachel Baffsky, Eating Disorders in Australia: a commentary on the need to address stigma 8 J. of Eating Disorders 1, 1 (citing Bruce G. Link, Conceptualizing Stigma, 27 Annu. Rev. Sociol 363, 367 (2001)).

¹³⁹ Sugermeyer, supra note 21, at 192.

¹⁴⁰ Id.

¹⁴¹ Nicole Thörel et al., Differential Stigmatization in the Context of Eating Disorders: Less Blame Might Come at the Price of Greater Social Rejection, 6 Stigma & Health 100, 101 (citing Daria Ebneter & Janet Latner, Stigmatizing Attitudes Differ Across Mental Health Disorders. A Comparison of Stigma Across Eating Disorders, Obesity, and Major Depressive Disorder, 201 J. Nervous & Mental Disease 281 (2013)).

¹⁴² Id. (citing Arthur Crisp, Stigmatization of and discrimination against people with eating disorders including a report of two nationwide studies, 13 European Eating Disorders Rev. 147 (2005)).

¹⁴³ Deloitte Access Economics, The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America: A Report for the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders, 1, 55 (2020).

¹⁴⁴ Suggestions for eating disorder education in schools, GenPsych (Oct. 17, 2020) https://www.genpsych.com/post/suggestions-for-eating-disorder-education-in-schools [https://perma.cc/27ZN-RHG8].

¹⁴⁵ Roberto Mezzina et al., Mental health at the age of coronavirus: time for change, 55 Soc. Psychol. & Psychol. Epidemiology 965, 967 (2020).

¹⁴⁶ Jennifer Sullivan et. al., To Improve Behavioral Health, Start by Closing the Medicaid Coverage Gap, Ctr. on Budget & Pol’y Priorities (Oct. 4, 2021), https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/to-improve-behavioral-health-start-by-closing-the-medicaid-coverage-gap [https://perma.cc/524G-YVFZ]; Felicia Ceban et al., “Association Between Mood Disorders and Risk of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” JAMA Psychiatry, July 28, 2021, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2782453 [https://perma.cc/8H4K-4BUB].

¹⁴⁷ Ashleigh N. Shields et. al., Understanding the conversation around COVID-19 and eating disorders: A thematic analysis of Reddit 10 J. of Eating Disorders 1, 2 (2022).

¹⁴⁸ Damour, supra note 16.

¹⁴⁹ Id. at 11.

¹⁵⁰ Ruoff, supra note 135; White House Press Release, Fact Sheet: President Biden to Announce Strategy to Address our national mental health crisis, as part of unity agenda in his first state of the union (Mar. 1, 2022), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/01/fact-sheet-president-biden-to-announce-strategy-to-address-our-national-mental-health-crisis-as-part-of-unity-agenda-in-his-first-state-of-the-union/ [https://perma.cc/JVR3-QE5A]; White House Press Release, Fact Sheet: In State of the union, President Biden to Outline Vision to Advance Progress on Unity Agenda in Year Ahead (Feb. 07, 2023), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/07/fact-sheet-in-state-of-the-union-president-biden-to-outline-vision-to-advance-progress-on-unity-agenda-in-year-ahead/ [https://perma.cc/JHU6-PUXC].

¹⁵¹ Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Pub. L. 117-169, 136 Stat. 1818.

¹⁵² White House Press Release, supra note 150; American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, Pub. L. No. 117-2, 135 Stat. 4.

¹⁵³ Id.

¹⁵⁴ Id.

¹⁵⁵ Id.

¹⁵⁶ SAMHSA, Lifeline Timeline, https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/988/lifeline-timeline [https://perma.cc/FR5B-XWD3].

¹⁵⁷ Heather Saunders, Taking a Look at 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline Data, One Month After Launch, Kaiser Fam. Found. (Oct. 17, 2022), https://www.kff.org/other/issue-brief/taking-a-look-at-988-suicide-crisis-lifeline-data-one-month-after-launch/ [https://perma.cc/4QPB-3JZY].

¹⁵⁸ White House Press Release, supra note 150.

¹⁵⁹ U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Services, Fiscal Year 2023: Budget in Brief, 1, 103.

¹⁶⁰ Id.

¹⁶¹ Id.

¹⁶² Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, Pub. L. 117-159, 136 Stat. 1313; White House Press Release, Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris administration announces two new actions to address youth mental health crisis (Jul. 29, 2022), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/07/29/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-two-new-actions-to-address-youth-mental-health-crisis/ [https://perma.cc/UME7-G2TU].

¹⁶³ Id.; Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Ed., Hundreds of Millions of Dollars in Funds to Increase the Number of School-Based Mental Health Providers (Oct. 3, 2022), https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/hundreds-millions-dollars-funds-increase-number-school-based-mental-health-providers-schools-provided-through-bipartisan-safer-communities-act [https://perma.cc/EM39-DUXM].

¹⁶⁴ Id.

¹⁶⁵ Dep’t of Education, Key Policy Letters Signed by the Education Secretary or Deputy Secretary, https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/secletter/220729.html?utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term= [https://perma.cc/XPU6-HXG2].

¹⁶⁶ Nutrition CARE Act of 2021, S. 584, 117th Cong. (2021); H.R. 3711, 116th Cong. (2019); Press Release, Eating Disorders Coalition, EDC Applauds the Reintroduction of the Nutrition CARE Act in the House & Senate (Mar. 3, 2021), http://eatingdisorderscoalition.org.s208556.gridserver.com/couch/uploads/file/edc-nutrition-care-reintroduction-press-release.pdf.

¹⁶⁷ Eating Disorders Coalition, supra note 166.

¹⁶⁸ Improving Mental Health and Wellness in Schools Act, S.2930, 117th Cong. (2021); Improving Mental Health in Schools Act, H.R. 5526, 117th Cong. (2021); Press Release, Vicky Hartzler, Congresswoman, Hartzler, Manning, Klobuchar, Lummis Introduce bipartisan, Bicameral Legislation to Improve Mental Health Resources in Schools (Oct. 15, 2021), https://www.klobuchar.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2021/10/klobuchar-lummis-manning-hartzler-introduce-bipartisan-bicameral-legislation-to-improve-mental-health-resources-in-schools [https://perma.cc/WTC8-8UFW].

¹⁶⁹ Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, Pub. L. 79-396, 60 Stat. 230 (as amended through Further Consolidated Appropriation Act, Pub. L. 116-94 133, Stat. 2534 (2019).

¹⁷⁰ Id.

¹⁷¹ Anna Westin Legacy Act, S. 3686, 117th Cong. (2022); Press Release, Baldwin, Klobuchar, Capito, Tillis Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Support Eating Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment (Feb. 17, 2022), https://www.baldwin.senate.gov/news/press-releases/baldwin-klobuchar-capito-tillis-introduce-bipartisan-legislation-to-support-eating-disorder-diagnosis-and-treatment [https://perma.cc/BM9C-Y9J2].

¹⁷² Anna Westin Legacy Act, H.R. 7249, 117th Cong. (2022).

¹⁷³ University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Ctr. of Excellence for Eating Disorders, https://www.med.unc.edu/psych/eatingdisorders/patient-care/ [https://perma.cc/2Y2G-2UM8].

¹⁷⁴ 2022 MHPAEA Report to Congress supra note 68, at 7.

¹⁷⁵ Id. at 11, 13.

¹⁷⁶ Id. at 22.

¹⁷⁷ Lawrence, supra note 54, at 2224; MHPAEA Report to Congress supra note 68, at 25-26.

¹⁷⁸ MHPAEA Report to Congress supra note 68, at 32.

¹⁷⁹ Id. at 34.

¹⁸⁰ Id. at 31.

¹⁸¹ Joan C. Alker et. al., Children’s Health Insurance Coverage: Progress, Problems, And Priorities For 2021 And Beyond, 39 Health Aff. 1743, 1748 (2020); See generally Medicare For All Act of 2019, H.R. 1384, 116th Cong. (2019) (available at https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr1384/BILLS-116hr1384ih.pdf); Medicare For All Act of 2019, S. 1129, 116th Cong. (2019) (available at https://www. congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1129/text).

¹⁸² Reinbold surpa note 127, at 445.

¹⁸³ Id.

¹⁸⁴ White House Press Release, supra note 150.

¹⁸⁵ Rosmary Ros-DeMarize, et al., Pediatric behavioral telehealth in the age of COVID-19: Brief evidence review and practice considerations 51 Current Problems in Pediatric & Adolescent Health Care 1, 7 (2021).

¹⁸⁶ Id. at 7-8; Accuroso supra note 8, at 8.

¹⁸⁷ Inflation Reduction Act, surpa note 143; see also Build back Better Act, H.R.5376, 117th Cong. (2022); American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, Pub. L. No. 117-2, 135 Stat. 4.; Frieden, supra note 112.

¹⁸⁸ Timothy S. Jost, How the Build Back Better Bill Would Improve Affordable Care Act Coverage, The Commonwealth Fund Blog (Jan. 19, 2022), https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/how-build-back-better-bill-would-improve-affordable-care-act-coverage [https://perma.cc/HV3H-U7YZ]; American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, Pub. L. No. 117-2, 135 Stat. 4.

¹⁸⁹ See Ruoff, supra note 135 (Joseph Feldman faced this hard choice when Blue Cross Blue Shield stopped paying for his daughters’ residential care, resulting in a lawsuit that “won’t solve this problem”).

¹⁹⁰ 2022 MHPAEA Report, supra note 68, at 51.

¹⁹¹ 2022 MHPAEA Report, supra note 68, at 53.

¹⁹² Lisa Brelet et al., Stigmatization toward People with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder: A Scoping Review, 13 Nutrients 1, 14 (2021).

¹⁹³ Id. at 17.

¹⁹⁴ Margarita Sala, Race, Ethnicity, and Eating Disorders Recognition by Peers, 21 Eat Disord., 1, 8 (2013).

¹⁹⁵ Dara Puryear, Raising Awareness of Eating Disorders in the High School System: A Community Program Project, Master of Science in Nursing Theses & Projects 1, 2 (2020).

¹⁹⁶ See Tips from Former Smokers, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/about/index.html; see also Heads Up https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/index.html [https://perma.cc/TS3D-MELT].

¹⁹⁷ Juleen K. Buser, The School Counselor’s Role in Addressing Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among Adolescents, Vistas 1, 9 (2012), https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/the-school-counselor-s-role-in-addressing-eating-disorder.pdf?sfvrsn=12 [https://perma.cc/G7QN-RHNK].

¹⁹⁸ Carolyn Black Becker et al., Reducing self-objectification: are dissonance-based methods a possible approach? 1 J. of Eating Disorders 1, 3 (2013).

¹⁹⁹ Buser, supra note 197.

²⁰⁰ Improving Mental Health and Wellness in Schools Act, S.2930, 117th Cong. (2021); Improving Mental Health in Schools Act, H.R. 5526, 117th Cong. (2021); Press Release, supra note 140.

²⁰¹ Michaela Flynn et. al., Assessing the impact of first episode rapid early intervention for eating disorders on duration of untreated eating disorder: a multi-centre quasi-experimental study, 29 Euro. Eating Disorders 458, 459 (2021).

²⁰² Id.

²⁰³ JI Hudson et al., The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. 61 Biological Psychiatry 348, 348 (2007); Andrea B. Goldschmidt et. al, Shared risk factors for mood-, eating-, and weight-related health outcomes 35 Health Psychol. 245, 245 (2016).

²⁰⁴ Buser, supra note 191, at 1 (citing Laura Currin & Ulrike Schmidt, A critical analysis of the utility of an early intervention approach in the eating disorders, 14 J. of Mental Health 611, 620 (2009)).

²⁰⁵ Buser supra note 197, at 2.

²⁰⁶ Accurso, supra note 16, at 1–2.

²⁰⁷ Buser, supra note 19, at 8.

²⁰⁸ Sala, supra note 186 at 8.

²⁰⁹ Lon Festinger, A Theory of Social Comparison Processes (1954); Latzer, supra note 9, at 2.

²¹⁰ Latzer, supra note 9, at 2.

²¹¹ Sugermeyer, supra note 21, at 193 (citing Jacquelyn Ekern, The rise of eating disorders in developing countries, 2017, https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/blog/eating-disorders-developing-countries [https://perma.cc/JZ8J-8NFC]).

²¹² Latzer, supra note 9, at 2; The Law for Restricting Weight in the Modeling Industry, 557-2012. (Isr.).

²¹³ Latzer, supra note 9, at 2.

²¹⁴ Latzer, supra note 9, at 2.

²¹⁵ Galya Hidelsheimer & Hemda Gur-Arie, Just Modeling? The Modeling Industry, Eating Disorders, and the Law 8 Int’l J. of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 103, 129 (2015).

²¹⁶ Truth in Advertising Act of 2016, H.R. 4445, 114th Cong. (2016).

²¹⁷ Sugermeyer, supra note 21, at 200.

²¹⁸ Joni Roach, Discrimination and Mental Illness: Codified in Federal Law and Continued by Agency Interpretation, 269 Mich. St. L. Rev 215, 310 (2016).

²¹⁹ Neha J. Goel MS et al., Accountability in promoting representation of historically marginalized racial and ethnic populations in the eating disorders field: A call to action 55 Int’l J. of Eating Disorders 463, 467 (2022).

²²⁰ Sugermeyer, supra note 21, at 198.