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Spatial variations in physico-chemical characteristics of PΜ2.5 in an urban coastal city of India and associated health risks

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Abstract

This paper investigates the chemical composition of Particulate Matter, Organic Carbon (OC), and Elemental Carbon (EC) in residential and traffic sites in Mumbai. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the traffic site (Sakinaka) were 240 µg/m3 and 424 µg/m3, respectively. The observed levels of OC were 35 µg/m3, 22 µg/m3, and 15.5 µg/m3 at Sakinaka junction (high-density traffic), YP-Gate (low-density traffic), and Hostel Premise (Residential), respectively. The average OC/EC ratio value was high (4.5) at the residential site, indicating contributions from stationary combustion sources and secondary production of carbonaceous species to OC. The residential site has a higher percentage of low volatile OC fraction (57%) in total OC than the traffic sites. On the other hand, Sakinaka has a higher percentage of highly volatile OC fractions (36%) in total OC. The crustal-originated metals were dominating in all areas, but the concentration of metals from anthropogenic sources was highest at Sakinaka, i.e., As (381 ng/m3), Pb (352 ng/m3), Zn (679 ng/m3). The K/Al, Ca/Al, Mg/Al, and Fe/Al ratios were high in all the samples compared to the crustal ratio indicating biomass burning and traffic emission sources of these metals. PM originating from traffic was more enriched with heavy metals that are toxic to human health, increasing cancer risks (CR) through inhalation. The hazard quotient was above 1 at all the locations, and CR was above 1 × 10− 4, causing health risks. According to the dosimetry model, more PM was deposited in the lungs of traffic location occupants through inhalation, increasing the cancerous risk.

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Fig. 1

(Source: Google Earth Pro and MERRA reanalysis data Giovanni and unit of organic carbon is kg/m3)

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author at a reasonable request.

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  1. Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Maharashtra, 400076, Mumbai, India

    Shruti Tripathi, Abhishek Chakraborty & Debayan Mandal

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  1. Shruti Tripathi
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Shruti Tripathi-Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Methodology; and Writing original draft. Abhishek Chakraborty- Supervision, reviewed and edited. Debayan Mandal- Review and editing.

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Correspondence to Abhishek Chakraborty.

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Tripathi, S., Chakraborty, A. & Mandal, D. Spatial variations in physico-chemical characteristics of PΜ2.5 in an urban coastal city of India and associated health risks. J Atmos Chem 80, 211–226 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-023-09448-5

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