Abstract
Climate change from global warming raises the risk of wood decay. Knowing the inherent durability period of wood is crucial for long-term use. Hence, the natural durability of five important Korean wood species (Larix kaempferi, Pinus densiflora, Quercus rubra, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata) was evaluated. In addition, the fungal diversity isolated from each wood stake was investigated to compare and analyze the differences in natural durability. The natural durability of the five wood species was determined to be highest in Larix kaempferi and Quercus serrata, followed by Quercus variabilis, Quercus rubra, and Pinus densiflora. Overall, 306 fungal isolates were collected, including 16 species of Ascomycota, 22 species of Basidiomycota, 15 species of Zygomycota, and eight unidentified species, which dominate different positions of the wood stake. Less Basidiomycota diversity was observed in the two wood species with high durability. In addition, the isolation of not only Basidiomycota but also Ascomycota and Zygomycota could affect wood deterioration and explain the association with wood durability. These findings are expected to be useful in improving the durability of useful wood in Korea in an era of climate change, where the risk of wood decay is increasing.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) (2015). Standard field test for evaluation of wood preservatives to be used in ground contact (UC4A, UC4B, UC4C); stake test. In: AWPA E7-15. AWPA, Birmingham, Alabama.Search in Google Scholar
Bässler, C., Müller, J., Dziock, F., and Brandl, R. (2010). Effects of resource availability and climate on the diversity of wood-decaying fungi. J. Ecol. 98: 822–832, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01669.x.Search in Google Scholar
Boddy, L. and Hiscox, J. (2016). Fungal ecology: principles and mechanisms of colonization and competition by saprotrophic fungi. Microbiol. Spectr. 4: 4–6, https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0019-2016.Search in Google Scholar
Camargo, J.A. (1993). Must dominance increase with the number of subordinate species in competitive interactions? J. Theor. Biol. 161: 537–542, https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1993.1072.Search in Google Scholar
Choi, Y.S., Kim, G.H., Lim, Y.W., Kim, S.H., Imamura, Y., Yoshimura, T., and Kim, J.J. (2009). Characterization of a strong CCA-treated wood degrader, unknown Crustoderma species. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 95: 285–293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-009-9311-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Eriksson, K.E.L., Blanchett, R.A., and Ander, P. (2012). Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood and wood components. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Fukasawa, Y., Osono, T., and Takeda, H. (2009). Microfungus communities of Japanese beech logs at different stages of decay in a cool temperate deciduous forest. Can. J. For. Res. 39: 1606–1614, https://doi.org/10.1139/x09-080.Search in Google Scholar
Fukasawa, Y., Osono, T., and Takeda, H. (2011). Wood decomposing abilities of diverse lignicolous fungi on nondecayed and decayed beech wood. Mycologia 103: 474–482, https://doi.org/10.3852/10-246.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ham, Y., An, J.E., Lee, S.M., Chung, S.H., Kim, S.H., and Park, M.J. (2021). Isolation and identification of fungi associated with decay of Quercus mongolica. J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol. 49: 234–253, https://doi.org/10.5658/wood.2021.49.3.234.Search in Google Scholar
Horisawa, S., Yoshida, M., Umezawa, K., Wada, T., Abe, H., Doi, S., Samejima, M., and Momohara, I. (2017). Diversity and community structure of wood-inhabiting fungi found in Japanese wooden houses analyzed by the next-generation sequencing. J. Wood Sci. 63: 369–378, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-017-1630-7.Search in Google Scholar
Jang, Y., Jang, S., and Kim, J.J. (2015). Diversity of basidiomycetous fungi in Mt. Inwang. Korean J. Nat. Conserv. 13: 91–98, https://doi.org/10.30960/kjnc.2015.13.1_2.91.Search in Google Scholar
Jeon, Y.J. and Kim, Y.H. (2022). Consideration of wood application plan by living SOC through analysis of overseas wooden buildings. Korea Inst. Ecol. Archit. Environ. J. 232: 79–86, https://doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2022.22.4.079.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, G.H., Lim, Y.W., Song, Y.S., and Kim, J.J. (2005). Decay fungi from playground wood products in service using 28S rDNA sequence analysis. Holzforschung 59: 459–466, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.076.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, G.H., Lim, Y.W., Choi, Y.S., Kim, M.J., and Kim, J.J. (2009). Primary and secondary decay fungi on exposed pine tree logs in the forest. Holzforschung 63: 633–638, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2009.099.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, J.J., Ra, J.B., Son, D.S., and Kim, G.H. (2001). Fungi colonizaing sap wood of Japanese red pine logs in storage. Mycrobiology 29: 205–209, https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2001.12015789.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, J.J., Kang, S.M., Choi, Y.S., and Kim, G.H. (2007). Microfungi potential disfiguring CCA-treated wood. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 60: 197–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.05.002.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, M.J., Lee, H., Choi, Y.S., Kim, G.H., Huh, N.Y., Lee, S., Lim, Y.M., Lee, S.S., and Kim, J.J. (2010). Diversity of fungi in creosote-treated crosstie wastes and their resistance to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 97: 377–387, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-010-9416-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kim, M.J., Shin, H.K., Choi, Y.S., Kim, G.C., and Kim, G.H. (2016). An aeromycological study of various wooden cultural heritages in Korea. J. Cult. Herit. 17: 123–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.05.001.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, N.K., Kim, D.H., Han, S.K., Cha, D.S., and Lee, J.K. (2018). Diversity and distribution of wood decay fungi in Korea. J. For. Environ. Sci. 34: 126–135.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, T. and Ra, J.B. (2013). Decay hazard (Sheffer) index values in Korea for exterior aboveground wood. For. Prod. J. 63: 91–94, https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-13-00033.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, T. and Ra, J.B. (2014). Change of decay hazard index (Scheffer index) for exterior above-ground wood in Korea. J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol. 42: 732–739, https://doi.org/10.5658/wood.2014.42.6.732.Search in Google Scholar
Kubart, A., Vasaitis, R., Stenlid, J., and Dahlberg, A. (2016). Fungal communities in Norway spruce stumps along a latitudinal gradient in Sweden. For. Ecol. Manage. 371: 50–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.017.Search in Google Scholar
Kumar, R., Kaur, J., Jain, S., and Kumar, A. (2016). Optimization of laccase production from Aspergillus flavus by design of experiment technique: partial purification and characterization. Int. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 14: 125–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Lee, H., Jang, Y., Choi, Y.S., Kim, M.J., Lee, J., Lee, H., Hong, J.H., Lee, Y.M., Kim, G.H., and Kim, J.J. (2014). Biotechnological procedures to select white rot fungi for the degradation of PAHs. J. Microbiol. Methods 97: 56–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2013.12.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lee, J.S., Kim, Y.S., Kim, G.H., Kim, K.T., and Kim, Y.H. (2015). Evaluation of natural decay durability on valuable domestic softwoods by European standard test method. J. Korea Furniture Soc. 26: 222–228.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Y.M., Lee, H., Heo, Y.M., Hong, J.H., Jang, S., Kang, K.Y., and Kim, J.J. (2017). Phylogenetic analysis of wood-inhabiting molds and assessment of soft-rot wood deterioration. Part 5. Genus Aureobasidium. Holzforschung 71: 437–443, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0161.Search in Google Scholar
Li, J., Yu, Y., Feng, C., and Wang, H. (2020). Mechanical characterization of Pinus massoniana cell walls infected by blue-stain fungi using in situ nanoindentation. J. For. Res. 31: 661–665, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0848-6.Search in Google Scholar
Li, T., Cui, L., Song, X., Cui, X., Wei, Y., Tang, L., Mu, Y., and Xu, Z. (2022). Wood decay fungi: an analysis of worldwide research. J. Soils Sediments 22: 1688–1702, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03225-9.Search in Google Scholar
Mäkipää, R., Rajala, T., Schigel, D., Rinne, K.T., Pennanen, T., Abrego, N., and Ovaskainen, O. (2017). Interactions between soil-and dead wood-inhabiting fungal communities during the decay of Norway spruce logs. ISME J. 11: 1964–1974, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2017.57.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Min, K.H. and Chung, D.K. (1987). A study on the relative decay durability of Quercus species. J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol. 15: 16–25.Search in Google Scholar
Nakasone, K.K. and Sytsma, K.J. (1993). Biosystematic studies on Phlebia acerina, P. rufa, and P. radiata in North America. Mycologia 85: 996–1016, https://doi.org/10.2307/3760683.Search in Google Scholar
Oh, H., Hong, I., and Oh, I. (2021). South Korea’s 2050 carbon neutrality policy. East Asian Policy 13: 33–46, https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793930521000039.Search in Google Scholar
Oh, J.J., Choi, Y.S., Kim, G., and Kim, G.H. (2022). Assessment of the effects of projected climate change on the potential risk of wood decay in Korea. J. Cult. Herit. 55: 43–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.02.004.Search in Google Scholar
Park, M.S., Fong, J.J., Lee, H., Oh, S.Y., Jung, P.E., Min, Y.J., Seok, S.J., and Lim, Y.W. (2013). Delimitation of Russula subgenus Amoenula in Korea using three molecular markers. Mycobiology 41: 191–201, https://doi.org/10.5941/myco.2013.41.4.191.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Raberg, U., Terziev, N., and Daniel, G. (2013). Degradation of scots pine and beech wood exposed in four test fields used for testing of wood preservatives. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 79: 20–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.12.010.Search in Google Scholar
Rajala, T., Peltoniemi, M., Pennanen, T., and Mäkipää, R. (2012). Fungal community dynamics in relation to substrate quality of decaying Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) logs in boreal forests. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 81: 494–505, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01376.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rajala, T., Tuomivirta, T., Pennanen, T., and Mäkipää, R. (2015). Habitat models of wood-inhabiting fungi along a decay gradient of Norway spruce logs. Fungal Ecol. 18: 48–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2015.08.007.Search in Google Scholar
Rayner, A.D. and Boddy, L. (1988). Fungal decomposition of wood: its biology and ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.Search in Google Scholar
Rogers, S.O. and Bendich, A.J. (1994). Extraction of total cellular DNA from plants, algae and fungi. In: Plant molecular biology manual. Springer, Berlin, pp. 183–190.10.1007/978-94-011-0511-8_12Search in Google Scholar
Santos, F.R., Garcia, N.F.L., da Paz, M.F., Fonseca, G.G., and Leite, R.S.R. (2016). Production and characterization of β-glucosidase from Gongronella butleri by solid-state fermentation. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 15: 633–641, https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.15025.Search in Google Scholar
Sayara, T., Borras, E., Caminal, G., Sarra, M., and Sanchez, A. (2011). Bioremediation of PAHs-contaminated soil through composting: Influence of bioaugmentation and biostimulation on contaminant biodegradation. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 65: 859–865, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.05.006.Search in Google Scholar
Schloss, P.D. and Handelsman, J. (2005). Introducing DOTUR, a computer program for defining operational taxonomic units and estimating species richness. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 1501–1506, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.3.1501-1506.2005.Search in Google Scholar
Son, M.J., Kim, Y.H., Nam, S.W., and Jun, S.J. (2019). Optimization of media composition on the production of melanin bleaching enzyme from Peniphora sp. JS17. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 47: 250–258, https://doi.org/10.4014/mbl.1809.09004.Search in Google Scholar
Sterman, J., Moomaw, W., Rooney-Varga, J.N., and Siegel, L. (2022). Does wood bioenergy help or harm the climate? Bull. At. Sci. 78: 128–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062933.Search in Google Scholar
Sumathi, T., Viswanath, B., Lakshmi, A.S., and SaiGopal, D.V.R. (2016). Production of laccase by Cochliobolus sp. isolated from plastic dumped soils and their ability to degrade low molecular weight PVC. Biochem. Res. Int. 2016: 9519527, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9519527.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tedersoo, L., Kõljalg, U., Hallenberg, N., and Larsson, K.H. (2003). Fine scale distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi and roots across substrate layers including coarse woody debris in a mixed forest. New Phytol. 159: 153–165, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00792.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Torres-Andrade, P., Morrel, J.J., Cappellzaai, J., and Stone, J.K. (2019). Culture-based identification to examine spatiotemporal patterns of fungal communities colonizing wood in ground contact. Mycologia 111: 703–718, https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1631050.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Vasiliauskas, R., Menkis, A., Finlay, R.D., and Stenlid, J. (2007). Wood-decay fungi in fine living roots of conifer seedlings. New Phytol. 174: 441–446, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02014.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yasanthika, W., Wanasinghe, D., Mortimer, P., Monkai, J., and Farias, A. (2022). The importance of culture-based techniques in the genomic era for assessing the taxonomy and diversity of soil fungi. Mycosphere 13: 724–751, https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/8.Search in Google Scholar
Zabel, R.A. and Morrell, J.J. (2020). Wood microbiology: decay and its prevention. Academic Press, Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2023-0034).
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
