Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Centrifuge tests for seismic response of single pile foundation supported wind turbines in sand influenced by earthquake history

  • Published:
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper reports on two sets of centrifuge model tests of wind turbines in dry sand and saturated sand subjected to earthquake sequences. The wind turbine system is composed of a single pile foundation and a wind turbine. All tests were applied with liquefaction experiments and analysis projects (LEAP) waves to simplify the analysis. The objectives of the tests are to investigate: (1) the influence of earthquake history on the seismic response of wind turbines; (2) the influence of earthquake history on the dynamic pile-soil interaction; and (3) the influence of two different foundation types on the seismic response of wind turbines. The tests indicated that earthquake history has a significant influence on the natural frequency of the pile and the soil around the pile in the saturated sand, but has no obvious influence on the dry sand. The shear modulus of the soil and the acceleration amplification factor of the pile top in both tests increased and the maximum bending moment envelope of the single pile foundation shrunk. The stiffness of the p-y curve in saturated sand was increased by the earthquake history, while that in dry sand was not significantly affected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Afacan KB, Brandenberg SJ and Stewart JP (2014), “Centrifuge Modeling Studies of Site Response in Soft Clay over Wide Strain Range,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(2): 04013003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alliard PM and Léger P (2008), “Earthquake Safety Evaluation of Gravity Dams Considering Aftershocks and Reduced Drainage Efficiency,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 134(1): 12–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen KH (1988), “Properties of Soft Clay Under Static and Cyclic Loading,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Problems of Regional Soils, Beijing, China, pp. 7–26.

  • Bhattacharya S, Nikitas N, Garnsey J, Alexander NA, Cox J, Lombardi D, Muir Wood D and Nash DF (2013), “Observed Dynamic Soil–Structure Interaction in Scale Testing of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 54: 47–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton MD, Gui MW, Garnier J, Corte JF, Bagge G, Laue J and Renzi R (1999), “Centrifuge Cone Penetration Tests in Sand,” Géotechnique, 49(4): 543–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan AJ, Thusyanthan NI and Madabhushi SP (2005), “Evaluation of Shear Modulus and damping in Dynamic Centrifuge Tests,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(12): 1488–1497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dash SR and Bhattacharya S (2021), “Experimental p-y Curves for Liquefied Soils from Centrifuge Tests,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 20(4): 863–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnier J, Gaudin C, Springman SM, et al. (2007), “Catalogue of Scaling Laws and Similitude Questions in Geotechnical Centrifuge Modelling,” International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 7(3): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerolymos N, Escoffier S, Gazetas G and Garnier J (2009), “Numerical Modeling of Centrifuge Cyclic Lateral Pile Load Experiments,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 8(1): 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu C, Cai YQ, Wang J, Yang F and Hu XQ (2012), “Effects of Loading History on Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Saturated Clays,” Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 34(9): 1654–1660. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatzivassiliou M and Hatzigeorgiou GD (2015), “Seismic Sequence Effects on Three-Dimensional Reinforced Concrete Buildings,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 72: 77–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde AFL and Conn GM (1987), “Discussion of ‘Cyclic Triaxial Tests on Remoulded Clays’ by David C. Procter and Jalal H. Khaffaf (October, 1984, Vol. 110, No. 10),” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(6): 665–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji MX (2005), “Study on the Shear Wave Velocity Measurement from Bender Elements and Dynamic Properties of Saturated Soft Marine Clay,” PhD Thesis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koga Y and Matsuo O (1990), “Shaking Table Tests of Embankments Resting on Liquefiable Sandy Ground,” Soils and Foundations, 30(4): 162–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutter BL (2019), Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading, Springer Nature, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu CG and Jia LL (2010), “Response Analysis of Long Span Cable-Stayed Bridge Subjected to Two Successive Earthquakes,” Journal of Vibration and Shock, 29(3): 189–192. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi D, Bhattacharya S and Wood DM (2013), “Dynamic Soil–Structure Interaction of Monopile Supported Wind Turbines in Cohesive Soil,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 49: 165–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manzari MT, Elghoraiby M, Kutter BL, et al. (2018), “Liquefaction Experiment and Analysis Projects (LEAP): Summary of Observations from the Planning Phase,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 113: 714–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martakis P, Taeseri D, Chatzi E and Laue J (2017), “A Centrifuge-Based Experimental Verification of Soil-Structure Interaction Effects,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 103: 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matlock H and Ripperger EA (1956), “Procedures and Instrumentation for Tests on a Laterally Loaded Pile,” Proceedings of Eighth Texas Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui T, Ito T and Ohara H (1980), “Cyclic StressStrain History and Shear Characteristics of Clay,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 106(10): 1101–1120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovesen NK (1979), “Discussion 9.3 on the Use of Physical Models InDesign,” In Proceedings, 7th Eur. Conf. Soil Mech, Brighton, UK, pp. 319–323.

  • Prowell I, Veletzos M, Elgamal A and Restrepo J (2009), “Experimental and Numerical Seismic Response of a 65 kW Wind Turbine,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 13(8): 1172–1190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield AN (1980), “Cambridge Geotechnical Centrifuge Operations,” Geotechnique, 30(3): 227–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield AN (1981), “Dynamic and Earthquake Geotechnical Centrifuge Modelling,” 1st International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Rolla: University of Missouri, 1081–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi ZM, Wang YQ, Peng M, Guan SG and Chen JF (2015), “Landslide Dam Deformation Analysis Under Aftershocks Using Large-Scale Shaking Table Tests Measured by Videogrammetric Technique,” Engineering Geology, 186: 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah SN, Hu Y, Stanier S and White D (2017), “Lateral Boundary Effects in Centrifuge Foundation Tests,” International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 17(3): 144–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Zhang SR and Wang GH (2013), “Damage Evolution and Energy Dissipation Characters of Gravity Dam Under Main Shock-Aftershock Earthquake Sequences,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 33(5): 50–56. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Luo Y, Wang F, Wang D, Ma X, Li S and Deng X (2012), “Slope Seismic Response Monitoring on the Aftershocks of the Wenchuan Earthquake in the Mianzhu Section,” Journal of Mountain Science, 9(4): 523–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong Y, Zhang L, Chen Y and Nie HB (2015), “Stability of Gravity Dam with a Complex Foundation Under Combined Effect of Main Shock and Aftershocks,” Rock and Soil Mechanics, 36(8): 2332–2338. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang C, Wang R and Zhang J (2018), “A Simplified Method for Analyzing the Fundamental Frequency of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine System Design,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 17(4): 893–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda S and Berrill JB (2000), “Observations of the Earthquake Response of Foundations in Soil Profiles Containing Saturated Sands,” In: 1st International Conference on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, 1441–1471.

  • Yin Y, Li B and Wang W (2015), “Dynamic Analysis of the Stabilized Wangjiayan Landslide in the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake and Aftershocks,” Landslides, 12(3): 537–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeghal M and Elgamal AW (1994), “Analysis of Site Liquefaction Using Earthquake Records,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(6): 996–1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J (2006), “Cyclic Stress History Effects on Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Silt,” PhD Thesis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Jian, Li Yurun, Rong Xian and Liang Yan (2022a), “Dynamic p-y Curves for Vertical and Batter Pile Groups in Liquefied Sand,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 21(3): 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-022-2107-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Jian, Li Yurun, Yan Zhixiao, Huang Da, Rong Xian and Liang Yan (2022b), “Experimental Study of Vertical and Batter Pile Groups in Saturated Sand Using a Centrifuge Shaking Table,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 21(1): 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-021-2067-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Wang G and Sa W (2013), “Damage Evaluation of Concrete Gravity Dams Under Mainshock–Aftershock Seismic Sequences,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 50: 16–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XR and Yang ZJ (2018), “Numerical Analyses of Pile Performance in Laterally Spreading Frozen Ground Crust Overlying Liquefiable Soils,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 17(3): 491–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou YG and Chen YM (2005), “Influence of Seismic Cyclic Loading History on Small Strain Shear Modulus of Saturated Sands,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25(5): 341–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu B, Chen RP, Guo JF, Kong LG and Chen YM (2012), “Large-Scale Modeling and Theoretical Investigation of Lateral Collisions on Elevated Piles,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(4): 461–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu B, Wu XF, Wang YB, and Zhou YG (2021), “Centrifuge Modelling for Seismic Response of Single Pile for Wind Turbine Subjected to Lateral Load,” Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 39(11): 1320–1338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge Basic Science Center Program for Multiphase Media Evolution in Hypergravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51988101) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51808490), for their financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Hypergravity Experiment and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Yubing Wang & Zhongchang Zhang

  2. Hangzhou Urban Construction & Investment Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310005, China

    Xiaofeng Wu

  3. MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Bin Zhu

Authors
  1. Yubing Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhongchang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiaofeng Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bin Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bin Zhu.

Additional information

Supported by: Basic Science Center Program for Multiphase Media Evolution in Hypergravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51988101, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51808490

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wu, X. et al. Centrifuge tests for seismic response of single pile foundation supported wind turbines in sand influenced by earthquake history. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 22, 623–636 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-023-2202-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-023-2202-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation