Abstract
Research has suggested that involvement in offending can contribute to subsequent mental health problems, although the processes through which offending influences adverse mental health remain unclear. Recognizing the need to evaluate intervening factors in this relationship, we focus on the potential mediating role of parenting in the link between offending and mental health problems. Drawing on a sample of serious adolescent offenders from the Pathways to Desistance Study, we test the direct and indirect effects of several dimensions of parenting (hostility, warmth, knowledge, and monitoring) in the relationship between violent offending and mental health problems. Results from multiple mediation models show that violent offending influences mental health problems directly as well as indirectly through parental hostility. Findings suggest that the erosion of social bonds, particularly with parents, may play an important role in understanding the link between offending and mental health problems. In addition, our findings emphasize the potential value of strengthening parent-child relationships in efforts to reduce reoffending.
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Appendix 1.
Appendix 1.
Description of measures. (Taken from Pathways to desistance study website (https://www.pathwaysstudy.pitt.edu/codebook/measures.html))
Measure | # of Items | Items | Cronbach’s alpha |
|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | |||
Mental health | 9 subscales | Somatization | 0.81 |
Obsessive-compulsive | 0.80 | ||
Interpersonal sensitivity | 0.66 | ||
Depression | 0.81 | ||
Anxiety | 0.78 | ||
Hostility | 0.75 | ||
Phobia | 0.69 | ||
Paranoia | 0.69 | ||
Psychoticism | 0.64 | ||
Independent variable | |||
Violent offending | 11 items | In the past six months, have you: | 0.74 |
destroyed/damaged property | |||
set fire | |||
forced someone to have sex | |||
killed someone | |||
shot someone bullet hit | |||
shot at someone no hit | |||
took by force with a weapon | |||
took by force without a weapon | |||
beat up someone serious injury | |||
in a fight | |||
beat someone as part of gang | |||
Mediators | |||
Parental hostility | 12 items each | When you and your mother/father have spent time talking or doing things together how often did your mother/father: | Mother: 0.85 |
get angry at you? | Father: 0.88 | ||
get so mad at you that she/he broke or threw things? | |||
shout or yell at you because she/he was mad at you? | |||
threaten to hurt you physically? | |||
criticize you or your ideas? | |||
push, grab, hit, or shove you? | |||
argue with you when you disagreed about something? | |||
slap or hit you with her/his hands? | |||
strike you with an object? | |||
boss you around a lot? | |||
throw things at you? | |||
insult or swear at you? | |||
Parental warmth | 9 items each | When you and your mother/father have spent time talking or doing things together how often did your mother/father: | Mother: 0.92 |
help you do something that was important? | Father: 0.95 | ||
let you know she/he really cares about you? | |||
listen carefully to your point of view? | |||
act supportive and understanding toward you? | |||
act loving or affectionate towards you? | |||
have a good laugh with you about something that was funny? | |||
let you know that she/he appreciates you, your ideas, or the things you do? | |||
tell you she/he loves you? | |||
understand the way you feel about things? | |||
Parental knowledge | 5 items | How much does your primary caregiver know: | |
who you spend time with? | |||
how you spend free time? | |||
how you spend money? | |||
where you go right after school or work is over for the day? | |||
where you go at night? | |||
Parental monitoring | 4 items | How often do you have a set time to be home on: | |
school or work nights? | |||
weekend nights? | |||
How often does your primary caregiver know what time you will be home when you’ve gone out? | |||
If your primary caregiver is not at home, how often do you leave a note, call, or communicate with your primary caregiver in some way about where you are going? | |||
Control variables | |||
Age | 1 item | Subject age at baseline | |
Gender | 1 item | Biological sex (male = 1) | |
Victimization | 13 items | In the past six months, have you been: | 0.67 |
chased where you thought you might be seriously hurt? | |||
beaten up, mugged, or seriously threatened by another person? | |||
raped, had someone attempt to rape you or been sexually attacked in some other way? | |||
attacked with a weapon, like a knife, box cutter, or bat? | |||
shot at? | |||
shot? | |||
In the past six months, have you seen anyone: | |||
get chased where you thought they could be seriously hurt? | |||
get beaten up, mugged, or seriously threatened by another person? | |||
being raped, an attempt made to rape someone, or any other type of sexual attack? | |||
get attacked with a weapon, like a knife, box cutter, bat, chain, or broken bottle? | |||
get shot at? | |||
get shot? | |||
get killed as a result of violence, like being shot, stabbed, or beaten to death? | |||
Unsupervised routine activities | 4 items | How often do you ride around in a car (or motorcycle) just for fun? | 0.62 |
How often did you get together with friends informally? | |||
How often do you go to parties or other social gatherings? | |||
On a typical week, on how many evenings did you go out for fun and recreation? | |||
Single parent | 1 item | Single parent household | |
Biological parent | 1 item | Biological father/mother lives in house with subject | |
Adopted parent | 1 item | Step, adopted, or foster dad lives in house with subject. |
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Kim, J., Leban, L., Lee, Y. et al. Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Influence on the Relation Between Violent Offending and Mental Health Problems. Am J Crim Just 48, 851–870 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-023-09726-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-023-09726-8