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How management interacts with environmental drivers to control greenhouse gas fluxes from Pacific Northwest coastal wetlands

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Abstract

There is increasing interest in utilizing the high carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands as a rationale for their restoration, but this requires careful assessment of their greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. We used a spatially extensive sampling approach across salinity gradients and management regimes (disturbed, restored, and reference) in 22 wetland sites across two Oregon, USA estuaries, Tillamook and Coos Bays, to measure fluxes of methane (CH4), ecosystem respiration as carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) over 1 year and related them to environmental forcing variables. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models explained drivers of GHG fluxes reasonably well despite highly nonlinear and interactive relationships and many flux measurements below detection. We used the BRT models to predict annual GHG fluxes in a subset of restored and reference sites where continuous environmental data were recorded and compared them to previously published soil carbon sequestration rates. Most sites had net removal of CO2-equivalents from the atmosphere over both 20 and 100 year timeframes. Our results show that a spatially extensive GHG flux sampling scheme and machine-learning statistical techniques can be used to estimate GHG fluxes in other current and former wetlands within the region if environmental data are collected at a spatial resolution that reflects site variability and at sufficient duration to reflect seasonality (i.e., at least one full year). Such an approach can save time and money in determining the feasibility of wetland restoration as a climate mitigation strategy. We use our results to suggest wetland restoration strategies that optimize climate benefits.

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Data availability

Groundwater and wetland elevation data for Tillamook Bay sites are available at https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/view/doi:10.5063/F1SQ8XRW. GHG flux data along with associated environmental driver data are available at the Coastal Carbon Research Coordination Network (https://github.com/Smithsonian/Coastal-Wetland-NGGI-Data-Public/).

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Acknowledgements

We thank the South Slough National Estuarine Reserve, the Tillamook Estuaries Partnership, Larry Mangan, Chad Allen, and John Thorne for use of their land for this research. Scott Bailey was instrumental in the overall SFC project. Erin Peck kindly provided her 210Pb data for Tillamook Bay. Craig Cornu helped with initial site selection in Coos Bay. Two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor Ishi Buffam provided detailed comments which improved this paper.

Funding

The research in Tillamook Bay was funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration cooperative agreement NA16NMF4630215.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA

    Matthew A. Schultz & Scott D. Bridgham

  2. Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Christopher N. Janousek

  3. Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA

    Laura S. Brophy

  4. South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Charleston, OR, 97420, USA

    Jenni Schmitt

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  1. Matthew A. Schultz
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MAS, CNJ, LSB, and SDB designed the study in Tillamook Bay; MAS and SDB designed the study in Coos Bay. Field work was primarily carried out by MAS with supervision by SDB; CNJ collected the continuous environmental data in Tillamook Bay and took RTK-GPS elevations; JS and SDB took leveling elevations in Coos Bay. MAS and SDB performed analyses. MAS and SDB were responsible for early manuscript drafts, and all authors edited final drafts. Funding was obtained by CNJ, LSB, and SDB.

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Correspondence to Scott D. Bridgham.

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Schultz, M.A., Janousek, C.N., Brophy, L.S. et al. How management interacts with environmental drivers to control greenhouse gas fluxes from Pacific Northwest coastal wetlands. Biogeochemistry 165, 165–190 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01071-6

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