Abstract
The C4 plants photosynthesize better than C3 plants especially in arid environment. As an attempt to genetically convert C3 plant to C4, the cDNA of decarboxylating C4 type NADP-malic enzyme from Zea mays (ZmNADP-ME) that has lower Km for malate and NADP than its C3 isoforms, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana under the control of 35S promoter. Due to increased activity of NADP-ME in the transgenics the malate decarboxylation increased that resulted in loss of carbon skeletons needed for amino acid and protein synthesis. Consequently, amino acid and protein content of the transgenics declined. Therefore, the Chl content, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR), the quantum yield of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, rosette diameter, and biomass were lower in the transgenics. However, in salt stress (150 mM NaCl), the overexpressers had higher Chl, protein content, Fv/Fm, ETR, and biomass than the vector control. NADPH generated in the transgenics due to increased malate decarboxylation, contributed to augmented synthesis of proline, the osmoprotectant required to alleviate the reactive oxygen species-mediated membrane damage and oxidative stress. Consequently, the glutathione peroxidase activity increased and H2O2 content decreased in the salt-stressed transgenics. The reduced membrane lipid peroxidation and lower malondialdehyde production resulted in better preservation, of thylakoid integrity and membrane architecture in the transgenics under saline environment. Our results clearly demonstrate that overexpression of C4 chloroplastic ZmNADP-ME in the C3 Arabidopsis thaliana, although decrease their photosynthetic efficiency, protects the transgenics from salinity stress.
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Abbreviations
- CaMV:
-
Cauliflower mosaic virus
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- ETRII:
-
Electron transport rate of PSII
- Fm:
-
Maximum Chl a fluorescence
- Fo:
-
Minimum Chl a fluorescence
- Fv:
-
Variable Chl a fluorescence (Fm-Fo)
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MDH:
-
Malate dehydrogenase
- ME:
-
Malic enzyme
- MS medium:
-
Murashige and Skoog medium
- NPQ:
-
Non-photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence
- nptII:
-
Neomycin phosphotransferase (kanamycin resistance gene)
- OAA:
-
Oxaloacetic acid
- PEP:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- Rubisco:
-
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- VC:
-
Vector control
- WUE:
-
Water use efficiency
- фPSII:
-
Effective quantum yield of PSII
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Govindjee (of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) for his comments and valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (EMR/2016/004976) from the Govt of India to BCT, and by the D. S. Kothari Post-Doctoral Fellowship (BL/19-20/0157) to DK from the University Grants Commission, India.
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BCT planned and designed the experiments; DK performed the experiments; BCT and DK analyzed the data and wrote the paper.
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Kandoi, D., Tripathy, B.C. Overexpression of chloroplastic Zea mays NADP-malic enzyme (ZmNADP-ME) confers tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Photosynth Res 158, 57–76 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01041-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01041-x