Abstract
Despite the vast body of literature on the historical development of the theme-recipient alternation (also known as the “dative” alternation) in Chinese, most studies that have been conducted so far are limited to philological recounts of the binary choice between the prepositional dative and the ditransitive dative across dynasties, which usually spanned centuries. Against this backdrop, we conduct a state-of-the-art variationist analysis of the four variants, utilizing a large and richly annotated diachronic dataset based on a corpus of Chinese texts (1300s–1900s). Using conditional inference trees and conditional random forest analysis, we demonstrate that end-weight effects are the most stable linguistic constraint on variation, while definiteness and animacy of the theme constituent tend to be more fluid. Supplementary distinctive collexeme analysis reveals a strong collostructional interplay between verbs and the variants, including changes involving the prototypical verb of GIVING 给gĕi.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Professor Lei Zhu for his help with the IPA transcription of the Wu Chinese example, Professor Hilary Chappell for her helpful input and comments on an earlier version of the paper, and two anonymous reviewers and the editors for their constructive feedback and suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply.
-
Research funding: Work on this paper was supported by a China Scholarship Council grant to the first author (grant no. CSC201906900122).
Overall distribution of theme-recipient tokens by verb and construction.
| Verb | Variant A | Variant B | Variant C | Variant D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拨bō ‘allocate’ | 19 | 7 | 1 | 3 |
| 补bŭ ‘compensate’ | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 |
| 抄chāo ‘copy’ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 炒chăo ‘fry’ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 传授chuánshòu ‘teach’ | 2 | 2 | 33 | 1 |
| 赐cì ‘bestow’ | 16 | 34 | 416 | 0 |
| 带dài ‘bring’ | 32 | 0 | 0 | 31 |
| 递dì ‘pass’ | 58 | 14 | 6 | 2 |
| 发fā ‘deliver’ | 22 | 5 | 0 | 3 |
| 罚fá ‘fine, punish’ | 0 | 0 | 47 | 0 |
| 分fēn ‘allocate’ | 79 | 21 | 11 | 16 |
| 付fù ‘pay, entrust’ | 14 | 3 | 45 | 1 |
| 给gěi ‘give’ | 60 | 16 | 1,235 | 0 |
| 供gòng ‘supply’ | 0 | 14 | 5 | 0 |
| 还huán ‘return’ | 2 | 0 | 249 | 1 |
| 汇huì ‘remit’ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 寄jì ‘send’ | 115 | 2 | 9 | 3 |
| 嫁jià ‘marry off’ | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 讲jiăng ‘tell’ | 10 | 0 | 0 | 87 |
| 奖jiăng ‘award’ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 交jiāo ‘submit’ | 25 | 29 | 7 | 1 |
| 教jiāo ‘teach’ | 0 | 35 | 97 | 0 |
| 借jiè ‘lend’ | 50 | 27 | 26 | 12 |
| 介绍jièshào ‘introduce’ | 2 | 0 | 0 | 22 |
| 捐juān ‘donate’ | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 刻kè ‘engrave’ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 馈kuì ‘give’ | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| 留liú ‘leave’ | 81 | 2 | 33 | 93 |
| 买măi ‘buy’ | 34 | 0 | 0 | 46 |
| 卖mài ‘sell’ | 26 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| 赔péi ‘compensate’ | 1 | 0 | 28 | 47 |
| 沏qī ‘brew tea’ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 让ràng ‘allow’ | 84 | 0 | 57 | 1 |
| 塞săi ‘slip’ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 赏shăng ‘reward’ | 20 | 35 | 506 | 3 |
| 捎shāo ‘bring’ | 11 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 舍shě ‘give’ | 11 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| 输shū ‘lose’ | 22 | 9 | 2 | 1 |
| 送sòng ‘send’ | 296 | 39 | 335 | 330 |
| 踢tī ‘kick’ | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| 粜tiào ‘sell rice’ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 托付tuōfù ‘entrust’ | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 献xiàn ‘present’ | 70 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 写xiě ‘write’ | 221 | 5 | 1 | 69 |
| 许xŭ ‘promise’ | 2 | 5 | 68 | 0 |
| 舀yăo ‘scoop’ | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 与yŭ ‘give’ | 1 | 0 | 362 | 0 |
| 予yŭ ‘give’ | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| 赠zèng ‘present’ | 9 | 23 | 137 | 1 |
| 找zhăo ‘find’ | 6 | 4 | 4 | 54 |
| 租zū ‘rent’ | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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