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Nonlinear Catch-Up Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference from Birth to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study

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Abstract

Owing to high rates of prenatal complications, twins are, on average, substantially smaller than population norms on physical measurements including height, weight, and head circumference at birth. By early childhood, twins are physically average. This study is the first to explore the process of catch-up growth by fitting asymptotic growth models to age-standardized height, weight, and head circumference measurements in a community sample of twins (n = 1281, 52.3% female) followed at up to 17 time points from birth to 15 years. Catch-up growth was rapid over the first year and plateaued around the population mean by early childhood. Shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in initial physical size (57.7–65.5%), whereas additive genetic factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in the upper asymptotes of height, weight, and head circumference (73.4–92.6%). Both additive genetic and shared environmental factors were associated with variance in how quickly twins caught up. Gestational age and family SES emerged as important environmental correlates of physical catch-up growth.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available. Data may be made available upon reasonable request from the principal investigators, [CB and DD], upon reasonable request.

Code Availability

All R and Mplus scripts supporting this project have been made available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/dsyac/).

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (R01AG063949).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA

    Sean R. Womack, Evan J. Giangrande, Xin Tong, Medha Ponnapalli & Eric Turkheimer

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Christopher R. Beam

  3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Rebecca J. Scharf

  4. Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

    Deborah W. Davis

  5. Norton Children’s Research Institute Affiliated with the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA

    Deborah W. Davis

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  1. Sean R. Womack
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  2. Christopher R. Beam
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study. SW drafted the initial manuscript, led data analysis, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. EG and XT contributed to data analysis and reviewed and revised the manuscript. MP assisted with data cleaning and manuscript preparation. CB, RS, and DD provided input on interpreting the findings and assisted in reviewing and revising the manuscript. ET contributed to data analysis, manuscript preparation, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

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Correspondence to Sean R. Womack.

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Conflict of interest

Sean R. Womack, Christopher R. Beam, Evan J. Giangrande, Rebecca J. Scharf, Xin Tong, Medha Ponnapalli, Deborah W. Davis, Eric Turkheimer have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in the current study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Louisville.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.

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Womack, S.R., Beam, C.R., Giangrande, E.J. et al. Nonlinear Catch-Up Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference from Birth to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study. Behav Genet 53, 385–403 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-023-10151-0

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