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Turbulence behaviors underlying the sensible heat and water vapor flux dissimilarity in a stably stratified flow

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Abstract

Based on eddy-covariance measurements over a glacier, we investigate the scalar flux dissimilarity between sensible heat and water vapor transport in a stably stratified flow. The scalar flux correlation coefficient \({{R}_{F}}\) is used as a measure of variable levels of the flux similarity, which are often elevated due to a rising degree of the kinetic anisotropy of turbulence. Moreover, sensible heat is transported more efficiently than water vapor; and transport efficiencies of these two scalars are separated in terms of their variability with the velocity aspect ratio. Compared with air temperature fluctuations, turbulence characteristics of the water vapor concentration are subject to a more pronounced modification because of distinct magnitudes of \({R}_{F}\). An innovative method is employed for connecting quadrant analysis and cospectral analysis, so that the hyperbolic quadrant-hole size can be coupled to the natural frequency underlying the fast Fourier transform. Then, we introduce a hypothetical octant hole whose size is invoked as a metric for the amplitude scale of fluctuating scalar fluxes. The contributions to \({R}_{F}\) are quantified for a variety of eddy structures that are associated with different ranges of the amplitude scale. Regarding larger-amplitude fluxes due to heated drier air parcels in descending motions, reductions in \(\left|{R}_{F}\right|\) correspond to increasing flux fractions for water vapor, whereas the flux fractions for sensible heat are largely unchanged. Overall, a more substantial portion of the changes in \(\left|{R}_{F}\right|\) can be ascribed to smaller-amplitude fluxes due to cooled moister air parcels and heated drier air parcels being involved, respectively, in ascending and descending motions. Reductions in \(\left|{R}_{F}\right|\) relate to the flux fractions of a decreasing magnitude for sensible heat but of an increasing magnitude for water vapor.

Highlights

  • In a stably stratified flow, dissimilar transport of sensible heat and water vapor is associated with anisotropy properties of turbulence.

  • A new approach is developed for a scrutiny of scalar transport, whereby quadrant analysis and cospectral analysis can be interconnected.

  • Extending octant analysis to scalar turbulence identifies eddy structures that exhibit distinct behaviors indicative of the flux dissimilarity.

  • Comparatively small-amplitude fluxes are accountable for a substantial portion of the changes in the overall level of scalar flux correlation.

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Data availability

Supporting data for the primary findings and conclusions of this article are publicly available and appear, in due course, at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20055932; for a photo album of the alpine glacier site, see https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7504205; for an erratum to the companion article (Guo et al. [36]), see https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20526633.

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Acknowledgements

Given the sheer length of this article, the authors are deeply grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their time and effort expended on providing invaluable feedback. X.G. and W.Y. are indebted to Drs. Kun Yang (Tsinghua University) and Long Zhao (Southwest University) for conscientious involvement in the harsh-height glacio-meteorological experiment at Palong–Zangbu No. 4 glacier, supported logistically by the South-East Tibetan Plateau Station for Integrated Observation and Research of Alpine Environment [Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)]. Dr. Baohong Ding (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS) provided X.G. with necessary auxiliary data, i.e., snow depths that were simulated originally from [21]. Drs. Fei Hu (Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS) and Kun Yang provided X.G. with indispensable assistance in successfully securing the NSFC financial support to the authors’ continued research collaboration. W.Y. was previously co-affiliated with the CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences.

Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [Grant 42150205 (X.G. and D.Z.)]; the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program [Grant 2019QZKK0102 (X.G., L.W. and Z.G.), Grant 2019QZKK0103 (D.Z.), and Grant 2019QZKK0201 (W.Y.)]; the Research and Development Program of the Korea Meteorological Administration [Grant KMI2021-01611 (J.H.)]; the National Research Foundation of Korea that is sponsored by the South Korean government (MSIT) [Grant NRF-2018R1A5A1024958 (J.H.)].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaofeng Guo, Linlin Wang & Zhiqiu Gao

  2. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Wei Yang

  3. Ecosystem–Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jinkyu Hong

  4. Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Degang Zhou

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  1. Xiaofeng Guo
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  4. Linlin Wang
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  5. Zhiqiu Gao
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  6. Degang Zhou
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Contributions

Xiaofeng Guo: Conceptualization; Investigation (supporting); Methodology; Writing – original draft. Wei Yang: Investigation (lead). Jinkyu Hong, Linlin Wang, and Zhiqiu Gao: Writing – review and editing (supporting). Degang Zhou: Writing – review and editing (lead).

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Correspondence to Xiaofeng Guo.

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Guo, X., Yang, W., Hong, J. et al. Turbulence behaviors underlying the sensible heat and water vapor flux dissimilarity in a stably stratified flow. Environ Fluid Mech 23, 1193–1232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-023-09940-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-023-09940-2

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