Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1611
ISSN (Online): 1875-6212

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Role of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Health: Know Your Facts-Part 2

Author(s): Antonis A. Manolis, Theodora A. Manolis, Helen Melita and Antonis S. Manolis*

Volume 21, Issue 6, 2023

Published on: 17 October, 2023

Page: [399 - 423] Pages: 25

DOI: 10.2174/1570161121666230911115725

Price: $65

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity/mortality world-wide, hence preventive interventions are crucial. Observational data showing beneficial CV effects of vitamin supplements, promoted by self-proclaimed experts, have led to ~50% of Americans using multivitamins; this practice has culminated into a multi-billion-dollar business. However, robust evidence is lacking, and certain vitamins might incur harm. This two-part review focuses on the attributes or concerns about specific vitamin consumption on CVD. The evidence for indiscriminate use of multivitamins indicates no consistent CVD benefit. Specific vitamins and/or combinations are suggested, but further supportive evidence is needed. Data presented in Part 1 indicated that folic acid and certain B-vitamins may decrease stroke, whereas niacin might raise mortality; beta-carotene mediates pro-oxidant effects, which may abate the benefits from other vitamins. In Part 2, data favor the anti-oxidant effects of vitamin C and the anti-atherogenic effects of vitamins C and E, but clinical evidence is inconsistent. Vitamin D may provide CV protection, but data are conflicting. Vitamin K appears neutral. Thus, there are favorable CV effects of individual vitamins (C/D), but randomized/controlled data are lacking. An important caveat regards the potential toxicity of increased doses of fat-soluble vitamins (A/D/E/K). As emphasized in Part 1, vitamins might benefit subjects who are antioxidant-deficient or exposed to high levels of oxidative-stress (e.g., diabetics, smokers, and elderly), stressing the importance of targeting certain subgroups for optimal results. Finally, by promoting CV-healthy balanced-diets, we could acquire essential vitamins and nutrients and use supplements only for specific indications.

Keywords: Vitamins, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, stroke, endothelial dysfunction.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Caulfield T. The multivitamin industry rakes in billions of dollars. 2018. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/multivitamin-industry-rakes-billions-dollars-science-says-we-re-not-ncna898191
[2]
PrecedenceResearch. Vitamin Supplements Market. 2022.2022. Available from: https://www.precedenceresearch.com/vitamin-supplements-market
[3]
White ND. Messaging and multivitamin use: Rethinking the “It Can’t Hurt” philosophy. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 13(3): 243-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827619826572] [PMID: 31105485]
[4]
Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Melita H, Manolis AS. Features of a balanced healthy diet with cardiovascular and other benefits. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023; 21(3): 163-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570161121666230327135916] [PMID: 36974413]
[5]
Simsek B, Selte A, Egeli BH, Çakatay U. Effects of vitamin supplements on clinical cardiovascular outcomes: Time to move on! - A comprehensive review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 42: 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.014] [PMID: 33745562]
[6]
Sesso HD, Rist PM, Aragaki AK, et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115(6): 1501-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac056] [PMID: 35294969]
[7]
Sunkara A, Raizner A. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15(3): 179-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-15-3-179] [PMID: 31687096]
[8]
Honarbakhsh S, Schachter M. Vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Br J Nutr 2009; 101(8): 1113-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000711450809123X] [PMID: 18826726]
[9]
Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for CVD prevention and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(22): 2570-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020] [PMID: 29852980]
[10]
Ingles DP, Cruz Rodriguez JB, Garcia H. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Curr Cardiol Rep 2020; 22(4): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-1270-1] [PMID: 32067177]
[11]
Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77(4): 423-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.619] [PMID: 33509399]
[12]
Hemilä H, Chalker E, de Man AME, Vitamin C. Vitamin C may improve left ventricular ejection fraction: A meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9: 789729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.789729] [PMID: 35282368]
[13]
Wu JR, Song EK, Moser DK, Lennie TA. Dietary vitamin C Deficiency is associated with health-related quality of life and cardiac event-free survival in adults with heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2019; 34(1): 29-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000521] [PMID: 30211815]
[14]
Ashor AW, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235(1): 9-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.004] [PMID: 24792921]
[15]
Abe K, Kibe R, David K, Reddy V, Allard B, Fakaosita M. Reversible right-sided heart failure and pulmonary hypertension caused by scurvy in a 7-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder and a review of the literature. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2021.1901406] [PMID: 34033530]
[16]
Tian T, Shao J, Shen Z, et al. Association of serum vitamin C with all-cause and cause-specific death: Data from national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES 2003-2006). Nutrition 2022; 101: 111696.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111696] [PMID: 35660506]
[17]
Zhu J, Ling Y, Tse LA, Kinra S, Li Y. Circulating vitamin C and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: A Mendelian randomization study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31(8): 2398-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.04.023] [PMID: 34088583]
[18]
Lu C-C, Tai Y-H, Wu H-L, et al. Vitamin C supplementation attenuates oxidative stress and improves erythrocyte deformability in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Chin J Physiol 2022; 65(5): 241-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0304-4920.358234] [PMID: 36308079]
[19]
Skovsted GF, Skat-Rørdam J, Frøkiær AP, et al. Vitamin C deficiency exacerbates dysfunction of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. Antioxidants 2022; 11(11): 2226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112226] [PMID: 36421412]
[20]
Crook JM, Yoon SJL, Grundmann O, Horgas A, Johnson-Mallard V. Subclinical vitamin C plasma levels associated with increased risk of CAD diagnosis via inflammation: Results from the NHANES 2003-2006 Surveys. Nutrients 2023; 15(3): 584.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030584] [PMID: 36771290]
[21]
Nyyssönen K, Parviainen MT, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: Prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. BMJ 1997; 314(7081): 634-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7081.634] [PMID: 9066474]
[22]
Mason SA, Parker L, van der Pligt P, Wadley GD. Vitamin C supplementation for diabetes management: A comprehensive narrative review. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194: 255-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.003] [PMID: 36526243]
[23]
Huang R, Song L, Zhao J, Lei Y, Li T. Differential influences of serum vitamin C on blood pressure based on age and sex in normotensive individuals. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 986808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.986808] [PMID: 36523333]
[24]
Ran L, Zhao W, Tan X, et al. Association between serum vitamin c and the blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 2020: 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4940673] [PMID: 32426036]
[25]
Yang BY, Qian Z, Howard SW, et al. Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 2018; 235: 576-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.001] [PMID: 29331891]
[26]
Kwak JH, Kim HJ. The association between air pollutants exposure with pre- and hypertension by vitamin C intakes in korean adults: A cross-sectional study from the 2013-2016 korea national health and nutrition examination. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 27(1): 21-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-022-1872-y] [PMID: 36651483]
[27]
Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Nyambuya TM, et al. Vitamin C intake potentially lowers total cholesterol to improve endothelial function in diabetic patients at increased risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 1011002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1011002] [PMID: 36386907]
[28]
Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168(12): 1340-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.12.1340] [PMID: 18574092]
[29]
Pilz S, März W, Wellnitz B, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(10): 3927-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0784] [PMID: 18682515]
[30]
Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 49(5): 1063-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288] [PMID: 17372031]
[31]
Kose M, Senkal N, Tukek T, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with endothelial inflammation in healthy individuals even in the absence of subclinical atherosclerosis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26(19): 7046-52.
[PMID: 36263552]
[32]
Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(4): 1080S-6S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S] [PMID: 18400738]
[33]
Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144(Pt A): 138-45.
[34]
Norman AW, Bouillon R, Whiting SJ, Vieth R, Lips P. 13th Workshop consensus for vitamin D nutritional guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103(3-5): 204-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.071] [PMID: 17234402]
[35]
Vieth R. Implications for 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing of public health policies about the benefits and risks of vitamin D fortification and supplementation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 2012; 243: 144-53.
[PMID: 22536776]
[36]
Bischoff-Ferrari H. Vitamin D - from essentiality to functionality. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2012; 82(5): 321-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000126] [PMID: 23798050]
[37]
Pál É, Ungvári Z, Benyó Z, Várbíró S. Role of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15(2): 334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020334] [PMID: 36678205]
[38]
Jones G, Kottler ML, Schlingmann KP. Genetic diseases of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46(4): 1095-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.011] [PMID: 29080636]
[39]
Mohd Ghozali N, Giribabu N, Salleh N. Mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to impaired metabolism: An overview. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022: 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6453882] [PMID: 35859985]
[40]
Miao D, Goltzman D. Mechanisms of action of vitamin D in delaying aging and preventing disease by inhibiting oxidative stress. Vitam Horm 2023; 121: 293-318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2022.09.004] [PMID: 36707138]
[41]
Kim HL. Anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D via suppression of YKL-40 Production: One of the possible mechanisms for cardiovascular protection. Korean Circ J 2023; 53(2): 103-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2023.0016] [PMID: 36792560]
[42]
Kocabas R. Effect of vitamin D on YKL-40: Rat hypercholesterolemia model. Korean Circ J 2023; 53(2): 92-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2022.0282] [PMID: 36792559]
[43]
Rathcke CN, Vestergaard H. YKL-40 - an emerging biomarker in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8(1): 61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-8-61] [PMID: 19930630]
[44]
Kastrup J, Johansen JS, Winkel P, et al. High serum YKL-40 concentration is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2009; 30(9): 1066-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp049] [PMID: 19270316]
[45]
Ściborski K, Gierlotka M, Protasiewicz M, Karolko B, Negrusz-Kawecka M, Kuliczkowski W. YKL-40 as a predictor of mortality after acute coronary syndrome. Polish Archives Internal Med 2020; 130(4): 343-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15282] [PMID: 32250575]
[46]
Omidian M, Mahmoudi M, Javanbakht MH, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on circulatory YKL-40 and MCP-1 biomarkers associated with vascular diabetic complications: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13(5): 2873-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.047] [PMID: 31425951]
[47]
Sen A, Vincent V, Thakkar H, Abraham R, Ramakrishnan L. Beneficial role of vitamin D on Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) in cardio-vascular diseases. J Lipid Atheroscler 2022; 11(3): 229-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12997/jla.2022.11.3.229] [PMID: 36212746]
[48]
Sheehy S, Palmer JR, Cozier Y, Bertrand KA, Rosenberg L. Vitamin D and risk of hypertension among Black women. J Clin Hypertens 2023; 25(2): 168-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.14615] [PMID: 36606491]
[49]
Wu Z, Wu Y, Rao J, et al. Associations among vitamin D, tobacco smoke, and hypertension: A cross-sectional study of the NHANES 2001-2016. Hypertens Res 2022; 45(12): 1986-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-01023-x] [PMID: 36202982]
[50]
Gharib A, Askary A, Almehmadi M, et al. Association of Vitamin D deficiency, dyslipidemia, and obesity with the incidence of coronary artery diseases in type 2 diabetic saudi patients. Clin Lab 2022; 68(10/2022)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2022.211104] [PMID: 36250846]
[51]
Chen X, Zhou M, Yan H, Chen J, Wang Y, Mo X. Association of serum total 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancies-specific mortality in patients with hyperlipidemia in the United States. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 971720.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.971720] [PMID: 36337630]
[52]
Liu W, Wu Z, Zhu D, et al. Vitamin D and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8: 799934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.799934] [PMID: 34977158]
[53]
Amirkhizi F, Pishdadian A, Asghari S, Hamedi-Shahraki S. Vitamin D status is favorably associated with the cardiovascular risk factors in adults with obesity. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46: 232-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.10.003] [PMID: 34857202]
[54]
Guan C, Fu S, Zhen D, et al. Correlation of serum vitamin D with lipid profiles in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2020; 29(4): 839-45.
[PMID: 33377379]
[55]
Ahluwalia N, Raghavan R, Zhang G, Talegawkar SA, Jacques PF. Vitamin D status and prevalence of metabolic syndrome by race and His-panic origin in US adults: findings from the 2007-2014 NHANES. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116(5): 1400-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac234] [PMID: 36036472]
[56]
Khademi Z, Hamedi-Shahraki S, Amirkhizi F. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with inflammation and deregulation of adipokines in patients with metabolic syndrome. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22(1): 223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01141-0] [PMID: 36071429]
[57]
Kauser H, Palakeel JJ, Ali M, et al. Factors showing the growing relation between vitamin D, metabolic syndrome, and obesity in the adult population: A systematic review. Cureus 2022; 14(7): e27335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27335] [PMID: 36043008]
[58]
Sukik A, Alalwani J, Ganji V, Vitamin D. Vitamin D, gut microbiota, and cardiometabolic diseases-A possible three-way axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24(2): 940.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24020940] [PMID: 36674452]
[59]
Pittas AG, Kawahara T, Jorde R, et al. Vitamin D and risk for type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176(3): 355-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M22-3018] [PMID: 36745886]
[60]
Patel L, Vecchia CL, Alicandro G. Serum vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors in the UK population. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023; 36(3): 1019-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13075] [PMID: 35997254]
[61]
Seifu CN, Fahey PP, Atlantis E. Micronutrient deficiencies and anaemia associated with body mass index in Australian adults: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12(12): e061442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061442] [PMID: 36521896]
[62]
Kim NK, Jung MA, Choi B, Joo NS. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 is associated with homocysteine more than with apolipoprotein B. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16(6): 745-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.6.745] [PMID: 36467771]
[63]
Giustina A, Bouillon R, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Vitamin D in the older population: A consensus statement. Endocrine 2022; 79(1): 31-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03208-3] [PMID: 36287374]
[64]
Zhou A, Selvanayagam JB, Hyppönen E. Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardio-vascular disease risk. Eur Heart J 2022; 43(18): 1731-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab809] [PMID: 34891159]
[65]
Manolis AS, Manolis TA, Melita H. Atherosclerosis: An athero-thromboinflammatory disease. Hosp Chron 2012; 7(4): 195-201.
[66]
Dziedzic EA, Gąsior JS, Tuzimek A, Dąbrowski M, Jankowski P. The association between serum vitamin D concentration and new inflammatory biomarkers-systemic inflammatory index (SII) and Systemic Inflammatory Response (SIRI)-In patients with ischemic heart disease. Nutrients 2022; 14(19): 4212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14194212] [PMID: 36235864]
[67]
Wu Z, Hu H, Wang C, et al. Sleep patterns modify the association between vitamin D status and coronary heart disease:Results from NHANES 2005-2008. J Nutr 2023; 153(5): 1398-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.028] [PMID: 36863481]
[68]
Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Apostolopoulos EJ, Melita H, Manolis AS. Cardiovascular Complications of Sleep Disorders: A Better Night’s Sleep for a Healthier Heart/From Bench to Bedside. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 19(2): 210-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570161118666200325102411] [PMID: 32209044]
[69]
Sutherland JP, Zhou A, Hyppönen E, Vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency increases mortality risk in the UK biobank. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175(11): 1552-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M21-3324] [PMID: 36279545]
[70]
Song S, Yuan Y, Wu X, et al. Additive effects of obesity and vitamin D insufficiency on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 999489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.999489] [PMID: 36337642]
[71]
Chowdhury R, Kunutsor S, Vitezova A, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ 2014; 348(apr01 2): g1903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1903] [PMID: 24690623]
[72]
Luo W, Xu D, Zhang J, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Postgrad Med 2023; 135(2): 93-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2022.2161250] [PMID: 36576147]
[73]
Chen Y, Feng S, Chang Z, et al. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients 2022; 14(19): 4013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14194013] [PMID: 36235666]
[74]
Liu L, Cui S, Volpe SL, et al. Vitamin d deficiency and metabolic syndrome: The joint effect on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the United States adults. World J Cardiol 2022; 14(7): 411-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v14.i7.411] [PMID: 36161059]
[75]
Nanri A, Mizoue T, Goto A, Noda M, Sawada N, Tsugane S. Vitamin D intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Eur J Epidemiol 2023; 38(3): 291-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-023-00968-8] [PMID: 36719520]
[76]
Eghbali BB, Ramezani S, Alavi CE, et al. The association of 25 (OH) D3 serum level with ischemic cerebrovascular accident risk, severity and outcome in Iranian population. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34(12): e23810.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23810] [PMID: 36201347]
[77]
Vergatti A, Abate V, Zarrella AF, et al. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of recurrent stroke: A dose response meta-analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15(3): 512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030512] [PMID: 36771220]
[78]
Sabico S, Wani K, Grant WB, Al-Daghri NM. Improved HDL cholesterol through vitamin D status correction substantially lowers 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score in vitamin D-deficient arab adults. Nutrients 2023; 15(3): 551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030551] [PMID: 36771260]
[79]
Sha S, Nguyen TMN, Kuznia S, et al. Real‐world evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reduction of total and cause‐specific mortality. J Intern Med 2023; 293(3): 384-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.13578] [PMID: 36208176]
[80]
Mehdawi A, Mohammad BA, Mosleh I, et al. Combined effect of omega-3 fatty acid and vitamin D3 on oxidized LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in people with vitamin D deficiency: A randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 81(4): 251-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000001398] [PMID: 36630694]
[81]
Hazique M, Khan KI, Ramesh P, et al. A study of vitamin D and its correlation with severity and complication of congestive heart failure: A systematic review. Cureus 2022; 14(9): e28873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28873] [PMID: 36225454]
[82]
Tobias DK, Luttmann-Gibson H, Mora S, et al. Association of body weight with response to vitamin D supplementation and metabolism. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6(1): e2250681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50681] [PMID: 36648947]
[83]
Pei YY, Zhang Y, Peng XC, Liu ZR, Xu P, Fang F. Association of vitamin D supplementation with cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14(15): 3158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153158] [PMID: 35956336]
[84]
Qi KJ, Zhao ZT, Zhang W, Yang F. The impacts of vitamin D supplementation in adults with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 1033026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1033026] [PMID: 36278155]
[85]
Cui X, Wang K, Zhang J, Cao ZB. Aerobic exercise ameliorates myocardial fibrosis via affecting vitamin D receptor and transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in vitamin d-deficient mice. Nutrients 2023; 15(3): 741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030741] [PMID: 36771445]
[86]
Levy PD, Twiner MJ, Brody AM, et al. Does vitamin D provide added benefit to antihypertensive therapy in reducing LVH determined by CMR? Am J Hypertens 2023; 36(1): 50-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpac096] [PMID: 36008108]
[87]
Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 380(1): 33-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944] [PMID: 30415629]
[88]
Chandra A, Picard MH, Huang S, et al. Impact of vitamin D3 versus placebo on cardiac structure and function: A randomized clinical trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11(21): e025008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.025008] [PMID: 36285795]
[89]
Carallo C, Capozza A, Gnasso A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with statin-associated muscle symptoms and low vitamin D levels. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20(10): 567-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2021.0127] [PMID: 36346279]
[90]
Hlatky MA, Gonzalez PE, Manson JE, et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms among new statin users randomly assigned to vitamin D or placebo. JAMA Cardiol 2023; 8(1): 74-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2022.4250] [PMID: 36416841]
[91]
Vasheghani M, Rekabi M, Sadr M. Protective role of vitamin D status against COVID-19: A mini-review. Endocrine 2022; 79(2): 235-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03203-8] [PMID: 36258153]
[92]
Renke G, Starling-Soares B, Baesso T, Petronio R, Aguiar D, Paes R. Effects of Vitamin D on cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress. Nutrients 2023; 15(3): 769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030769] [PMID: 36771474]
[93]
Wang X, Quinn PJ. Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Prog Lipid Res 1999; 38(4): 309-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(99)00008-9] [PMID: 10793887]
[94]
Vardi M, Levy NS, Levy AP. Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: The importance of proper patient selection. J Lipid Res 2013; 54(9): 2307-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R026641] [PMID: 23505320]
[95]
Heller R, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. Alpha-Tocopherol and endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1031(1): 74-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1331.007] [PMID: 15753135]
[96]
Asbaghi O, Sadeghian M, Nazarian B, et al. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in adults: A sys-tematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 17234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73741-6] [PMID: 33057114]
[97]
Garg A, Lee JCY, Vitamin E, Vitamin E. Where are we now in vascular diseases? Life 2022; 12(2): 310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020310] [PMID: 35207597]
[98]
Ziegler M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S, Peter K. Cardiovascular and metabolic protection by vitamin E: A matter of treatment strategy? Antioxidants 2020; 9(10): 935.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100935] [PMID: 33003543]
[99]
Brigelius-Flohé R. Vitamin E research: Past, now and future. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177: 381-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.029] [PMID: 34756995]
[100]
Galli F, Azzi A, Birringer M, et al. Vitamin E: Emerging aspects and new directions. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102: 16-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.017] [PMID: 27816611]
[101]
Rychter AM, Hryhorowicz S, Słomski R, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Antioxidant effects of vitamin E and risk of cardiovascular disease in women with obesity - A narrative review. Clin Nutr 2022; 41(7): 1557-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.04.032] [PMID: 35667272]
[102]
Shah S, Shiekh Y, Lawrence JA, et al. A systematic review of effects of vitamin E on the cardiovascular system. Cureus 2021; 13(6): e15616.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15616] [PMID: 34277234]
[103]
Rashidi B, Hoseini Z, Sahebkar A, Mirzaei H. Anti-atherosclerotic effects of vitamins D and E in suppression of atherogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232(11): 2968-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25738] [PMID: 27966778]
[104]
Loh HC, Lim R, Lee KW, et al. Effects of vitamin E on stroke: A systematic review with metaanalysis and trial sequential analysis. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 6(1): 109-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000519] [PMID: 33109618]
[105]
Hariri E, Kassis N, Iskandar JP, et al. Vitamin K 2 -a neglected player in cardiovascular health: A narrative review. Open Heart 2021; 8(2): e001715.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001715] [PMID: 34785587]
[106]
Halder M, Petsophonsakul P, Akbulut A, et al. Vitamin K: Double bonds beyond coagulation insights into differences between vitamin K1 and K2 in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(4): 896.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040896] [PMID: 30791399]
[107]
Proudfoot D, Shanahan CM. Molecular mechanisms mediating vascular calcification: Role of matrix Gla protein (Review Article). Nephrology 2006; 11(5): 455-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00660.x] [PMID: 17014561]
[108]
Stafford DW. The vitamin K cycle. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3(8): 1873-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01419.x] [PMID: 16102054]
[109]
Lees JS, Chapman FA, Witham MD, Jardine AG, Mark PB. Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2019; 105(12): 938-45.
[PMID: 30514729]
[110]
Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, et al. Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA J 2017; 15(5): e04780.
[PMID: 32625486]
[111]
Eden RE, Coviello JM. Vitamin K Deficiency. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls 2022.
[112]
Neupane S, Pudasaini P, Dhakal B, et al. Protein S deficiency with recurrent deep vein thrombosis and post thrombotic syndrome: A case report. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60(254): 892-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7694] [PMID: 36705157]
[113]
Erkkilä AT, Booth SL, Hu FB, Jacques PF, Lichtenstein AH. Phylloquinone intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases in men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17(1): 58-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.03.008] [PMID: 16928438]
[114]
Erkkilä AT, Booth SL, Hu FB, et al. Phylloquinone intake as a marker for coronary heart disease risk but not stroke in women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59(2): 196-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602058] [PMID: 15454972]
[115]
Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam Study. J Nutr 2004; 134(11): 3100-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.11.3100] [PMID: 15514282]
[116]
Gast GCM, de Roos NM, Sluijs I, et al. A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19(7): 504-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.004] [PMID: 19179058]
[117]
Villines TC, Hatzigeorgiou C, Feuerstein IM, O’Malley PG, Taylor AJ. Vitamin K1 intake and coronary calcification. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16(3): 199-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019501-200505000-00010] [PMID: 15818090]
[118]
Vissers LET, Dalmeijer GW, Boer JMA, Monique Verschuren WM, van der Schouw YT, Beulens JWJ. Intake of dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones and risk of stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2(6): e000455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000455] [PMID: 24326161]
[119]
Vissers LET, Dalmeijer GW, Boer JMA, Verschuren WMM, van der Schouw YT, Beulens JWJ. The relationship between vitamin K and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 252: 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.915] [PMID: 27494446]
[120]
Yang J, Zhang Y, Na X, Zhao A. β-Carotene supplementation and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2022; 14(6): 1284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14061284] [PMID: 35334942]
[121]
Miller ER III, Juraschek S, Pastor-Barriuso R, Bazzano LA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis of folic acid supplementation trials on risk of cardiovascular disease and risk interaction with baseline homocysteine levels. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106(4): 517-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.064] [PMID: 20691310]
[122]
Myung SK, Ju W, Cho B, et al. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013; 346(jan18 1): f10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f10] [PMID: 23335472]
[123]
O’Connor EA, Evans CV, Ivlev I, et al. Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. JAMA 2022; 327(23): 2334-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.15650] [PMID: 35727272]
[124]
Xu K, Peng R, Zou Y, Jiang X, Sun Q, Song C. Vitamin C intake and multiple health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73(5): 588-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2022.2048359] [PMID: 35291895]
[125]
Hemilä H, Suonsyrjä T. Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17(1): 49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0478-5] [PMID: 28143406]
[126]
An P, Wan S, Luo Y, et al. Micronutrient supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80(24): 2269-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048] [PMID: 36480969]
[127]
Han J, Zhao C, Cai J, Liang Y. Comparative efficacy of vitamin supplements on prevention of major cardiovascular disease: Systematic review with network meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39: 101142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101142] [PMID: 32379630]
[128]
Przybyszewski EM, Targher G, Roden M, Corey KE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Clin Liver Dis 2021; 17(1): 19-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.1017] [PMID: 33552481]
[129]
Yuan S, Chen J, Dan L, et al. Homocysteine, folate, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis and Men-delian randomization investigation. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116(6): 1595-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac285] [PMID: 36205540]
[130]
Rees K, Guraewal S, Wong YL, et al. Is vitamin K consumption associated with cardio-metabolic disorders? A systematic review. Maturitas 2010; 67(2): 121-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.05.006] [PMID: 20850029]
[131]
Chen HG, Sheng LT, Zhang YB, et al. Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58(6): 2191-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01998-3] [PMID: 31119401]
[132]
Kosciuszek ND, Kalta D, Singh M, Savinova OV. Vitamin K antagonists and cardiovascular calcification: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9: 938567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.938567] [PMID: 36061545]
[133]
Cui Y, Zhou H, Wei M, et al. Multiple vitamin co-exposure and mortality risk: A prospective study. Clin Nutr 2022; 41(2): 337-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.010] [PMID: 34999328]
[134]
Wang W, Gao J, Li N, et al. Dietary iron and vitamins in association with mortality. Clin Nutr 2021; 40(4): 2401-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.038] [PMID: 33143929]
[135]
Taagaard M, Trap Wolf H, Pinborg A, et al. Multivitamin intake and the risk of congenital heart defects: A cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 278: 90-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.09.008] [PMID: 36126424]
[136]
Che B, Zhong C, Zhang R, Wang M, Zhang Y, Han L. Multivitamin/mineral supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A large prospective study using UK Biobank data. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61(6): 2909-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02865-4] [PMID: 35301588]
[137]
Dawczynski C, Weidauer T, Richert C, Schlattmann P, Dawczynski K, Kiehntopf M. Nutrient intake and nutrition status in vegetarians and vegans in comparison to omnivores - the nutritional evaluation (NuEva) study. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 819106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.819106] [PMID: 35651513]
[138]
Naureen Z, Dhuli K, Donato K, et al. Foods of the Mediterranean diet: Tomato, olives, chili pepper, wheat flour and wheat germ. J Prev Med Hyg 2022; 63(2) (Suppl. 3): E4-E11.
[PMID: 36479499]
[139]
Dayi T, Ozgoren M. Effects of the Mediterranean diet on the components of metabolic syndrome. J Prev Med Hyg 2022; 63(2) (Suppl. 3): E56-64.
[PMID: 36479500]
[140]
de Lima-Reis SR, Silva TA, Costa LSA, et al. Serum levels of vitamin A, selenium, and better dietary total antioxidant capacity are related to lower oxidative DNA damage: A cross-sectional study of individuals at cardiovascular risk. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107: 109070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109070] [PMID: 35644409]
[141]
Gaziano JM. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1999; 111(1): 2-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09229.x] [PMID: 9893151]
[142]
Xu X, Shi Z, Liu G, et al. The Joint effects of diet and dietary supplements in relation to obesity and cardiovascular disease over a 10-year follow-up: A longitudinal study of 69,990 participants in Australia. Nutrients 2021; 13(3): 944.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030944] [PMID: 33804132]
[143]
Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer. JAMA 2022; 327(23): 2326-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.8970] [PMID: 35727271]
[144]
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29(1): 5-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab154] [PMID: 34558602]
[145]
Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Howard BV, Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2004; 110(5): 637-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000137822.39831.F1] [PMID: 15289389]
[146]
Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation 2004; 109(5): 672-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000114834.85476.81] [PMID: 14761900]
[147]
Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina-summary article. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(1): 159-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02848-6] [PMID: 12570960]
[148]
Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA dietary guidelines: Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the american heart association. Circulation 2000; 102(18): 2284-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2284] [PMID: 11056107]
[149]
Spence JD, Hankey GJ. Problem in the recent american heart association guideline on secondary stroke prevention: B Vitamins to lower homocysteine do prevent stroke. Stroke 2022; 53(8): 2702-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.038640] [PMID: 35748292]
[150]
Giustina A, Bouillon R, Binkley N, et al. Controversies in vitamin D: A statement from the third international conference. JBMR Plus 2020; 4(12): e10417.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10417] [PMID: 33354643]
[151]
Pilz S, März W, Cashman KD, et al. Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: A Review and guidance paper. Front Endocrinol 2018; 9: 373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00373] [PMID: 30065699]
[152]
Reichrath J, März W, De Gruijl FR, et al. An appraisal to address health consequences of vitamin D deficiency with food fortification and supplements: Time to act! Anticancer Res 2022; 42(10): 5009-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.16008] [PMID: 36192012]
[153]
Anagnostis P, Livadas S, Goulis DG, et al. EMAS position statement: Vitamin D and menopausal health. Maturitas 2023; 169: 2-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.12.006] [PMID: 36566517]
[154]
Płudowski P, Kos-Kudła B, Walczak M, et al. Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland. Nutrients 2023; 15(3): 695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030695] [PMID: 36771403]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
23
3
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy