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Modeling and configuration optimization of the rooftop photovoltaic with electric-hydrogen-thermal hybrid storage system for zero-energy buildings: Consider a cumulative seasonal effect

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Abstract

Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems are represented as projected technology to achieve net-zero energy building (NEZB). In this research, a novel energy structure based on rooftop PV with electric-hydrogen-thermal hybrid energy storage is analyzed and optimized to provide electricity and heating load of residential buildings. First, the mathematical model, constraints, objective function, and evaluation indicators are given. Then, the simulation is conducted under the stand-alone condition. The annual return on investment and the levelized cost of energy of the system are 36.37% and 0.1016 $/kWh, respectively. Residential building with the proposed system decreases annual carbon emission by 25.5 t. In the third part, simulation analysis under different grid-connected modes shows that building system will obtain better economics when connected to the grid, but the low-carbon performance will be reduced. Finally, the cumulative seasonal impact of the countywide rooftop PV buildings is discussed. The result indicates that the energy structure proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the grid-connected impact on the local grid. This model and optimization method developed in this paper is applicable to different climate zones and can provide management support to the investors of NZEB before the field test.

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Abbreviations

ACER:

annual carbon emission reduction

AROI:

annual return on investment

CEUR:

comprehensive energy utilization ratio

CRR:

carbon reduction ratio

EHT-HS:

electric-hydrogen-thermal hybrid storage

EL:

electrolyzer

ES:

electric storage

FC:

fuel cell

HS:

hydrogen storage

LCOE:

levelized cost of energy

NZEB:

net-zero energy building

PV:

photovoltaic

REPR:

renewable energy penetration ratio

SOC:

state of charge

STC:

standard test condition

TOU:

time of use

TS:

thermal storage

act:

activated

ae:

ambient

Buy:

buy from power grid

cell:

cell

char:

charging

cw:

cooling water

dis:

discharging

H2 :

hydrogen

O2 :

oxygen

ohm:

ohmic

pm:

peak state

rated:

rated

real:

real-time

rev:

reversible

sc:

short-circuit

Sell:

sell to power grid

H :

thermal power

I :

current

i :

current density

N :

number

P :

electric power

p :

pressure

Q :

quantity of heat

S :

stored energy

T :

temperature

U :

voltage

V :

hydrogen flow rate

ω T :

symbol of centralized heating

ϕ :

SOC

A :

effective surface area

C :

heat capacity

f :

correction factor of PV

F :

Faraday constant

G :

gas constant

ΔG:

change in Gibbs energy

M :

lower calorific value

M q :

molar mass

M v :

molar volume

r :

light intensity

R :

thermal resistance

ΔS :

reaction enthalpies

γ :

self-attenuation rate

ζ, ς, ξ, Y :

empirical parameter

η :

efficiency of charging/discharging

λ :

thickness

μ F :

Faradaic efficiency

Ψ :

water content

ν :

number of electrons transferred

τ :

power-capacity coefficient

L :

lifetime

x purchase :

unit acquisition cost

x install :

unit install cost

y fix :

fixed O&M cost coefficient

y var :

unit variable O&M cost

\(z_{{\rm{TOU}}}^{{\rm{grid}}}\) :

TOU price

\(z_{{\rm{base price}}}^{{\rm{hot}}\,{\rm{grid}}}\) :

basic heating price

\(z_{{\rm{count price}}}^{{\rm{hot}}\,{\rm{grid}}}\) :

metering heating price

\(z_{{\rm{sell}}}^{{\rm{PV}}}\) :

feed-in tariff for PV

z CCER :

price of unit carbon emission right

\(z_{{\rm{recycle}}}^{{\rm{PV}}}\) :

unit recycling price of PV

ρ :

inflation rate

λ T :

carbon emission factor of heat grid

λ E :

carbon emission factor of grid

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFE0102400), the Social Science Foundation of Beijing (22JCC092), the State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control (SKLD22KM16).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China

    Haoxin Dong, Chuanbo Xu & Wenjun Chen

  2. Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, Changping, 102206, China

    Haoxin Dong, Chuanbo Xu & Wenjun Chen

Authors
  1. Haoxin Dong
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  2. Chuanbo Xu
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Contributions

Haoxin Dong: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, software, visualization, writing—original draft. Chuanbo Xu: resources, supervision, funding acquisition. Wenjun Chen: resources, supervision.

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Correspondence to Chuanbo Xu.

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Dong, H., Xu, C. & Chen, W. Modeling and configuration optimization of the rooftop photovoltaic with electric-hydrogen-thermal hybrid storage system for zero-energy buildings: Consider a cumulative seasonal effect. Build. Simul. 16, 1799–1819 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-023-1066-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-023-1066-5

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