Abstract
This empirical study explores the factors influencing farmers’ decisions to withdraw from homesteads with compensation in the Chengdu–Chongqing area. Based on survey data from rural households, a structural equation model was constructed to investigate the relationships between individual characteristics of farmers, household characteristics, and the characteristics of farmers’ homesteads and their impact on farmers’ employment, life, and income. The results indicate that household characteristics influence farmers’ willingness to quit homestead with compensation, significantly impacting the proportion of non-agricultural employment, stability of non-agricultural employment, agricultural income, and per capita annual income. Furthermore, higher education levels, younger age, and a fondness for urban life also influence farmers’ willingness to withdraw from homesteads. The study highlights the importance of reasonable compensation calculation methods and modes in promoting homestead withdrawal. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers in designing more effective compensation programs and other policies to promote sustainable rural development in the Chengdu–Chongqing area. This study underscores the importance of technology transfer in rural development and highlights the potential of homestead withdrawal policies as a form of technology transfer. The findings have significant theoretical and managerial implications for policymakers to design more effective compensation programs and other policies promoting sustainable rural development in the Chengdu–Chongqing area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adnan, N., Nordin, S. M., & Anwar, A. (2020). Transition pathways for malaysian paddy farmers to sustainable agricultural practices: An integrated exhibiting tactics to adopt green fertilizer. Land Use Policy, 90, 104255.
Alananga Sanga, S., & Mwasumbi, A. N. (2019). Land and housing transactions in Tanzania: An evaluation of title risk vulnerabilities in Kinondoni Municipality Dar es Salaam. Urban Forum (pp. 261–287). Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands.
Arshad, M. N. (2020). Google Earth engine-based visual/qualitative investigation on urbanization: Quick urban sprawl visualization in Beijing, China. In Examining international land use policies, changes, and conflicts. IGI Global.
Asfaw, A., Simane, B., Hassen, A., & Bantider, A. (2017). Determinants of non-farm livelihood diversification: Evidence from rainfed-dependent smallholder farmers in northcentral Ethiopia (Woleka sub-basin). Development Studies Research, 4(1), 22–36.
Bansal, H. S., Taylor, S. F., & St. James, Y. (2005). Migrating” to new service providers: Toward a unifying framework of consumers’ switching behaviors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(1), 96–115.
Bogaerts, T., Williamson, I. P., & Fendel, E. M. (2002). The role of land administration in the accession of central european countries to the European Union. Land Use Policy, 19(1), 29–46.
Branca, G., Lipper, L., Neves, B., Lopa, D., & Mwanyoka, I. (2011). Payments for watershed services supporting sustainable agricultural development in Tanzania. The Journal of Environment & Development, 20(3), 278–302.
Cao, C., & Song, W. (2022). Discerning spatiotemporal patterns and policy drivers of rural settlement changes from 1962 to 2020. Land, 11(8), 1317.
Chang, I. C., Liu, C. C., & Chen, K. (2014). The push, pull and mooring effects in virtual migration for social networking sites. Information Systems Journal, 24(4), 323–346.
Chen, X. (2012). Factors of peasants’ willingness to return residential lands – an empirical study with survey data from 1012 rural households in the “two-wing” area of Chongqing. China Rural Survey, 3, 26–36.
Chen, H., Zhao, L., & Zhao, Z. (2017). Influencing factors of farmers’ willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads: A survey in Zhejiang, China. Land Use Policy, 68, 524–530.
Chen, K., Long, H., Liao, L., Tu, S., & Li, T. (2020). Land use transitions and urban-rural integrated development: Theoretical framework and China’s evidence. Land Use Policy, 92, 104465.
Chen, K., Wang, Y., Li, N., Xu, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhan, X., & Li, Q. (2023). The impact of farmland use transition on rural livelihood transformation in China. Habitat International, 135, 102784.
Cheng, L., & Cheng, L. (2021). Factors affecting farmers’ satisfaction with contemporary China’s land allocation policy—the Link Policy: Based on the empirical research of Ezhou. Contemporary China’s Land Use Policy: The Link Policy, 117–142.
Cooke, P., & Leydesdorff, L. (2006). Regional development in the knowledge-based economy: The construction of advantage. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, 5–15.
Fan, W., & Zhang, L. (2019). Does cognition matter? Applying the push-pull‐mooring model to chinese farmers’ willingness to withdraw from rural homesteads. Papers in Regional Science, 98(6), 2355–2369.
Gao, Q. (2019). Progress Report on China’s Rural Land Property Rights Reform in 2016. In Chinese research perspectives on society (vol. 6, pp. 289–306). Brill.
Gao, J., & Li, S. (2014). Analysis of influence factors of farmers’ willingness to quit right of contractual and management of rural land in progress of urbanization. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 30(6), 212–220.
Gao, J., Song, G., & Liu, S. (2022). Factors influencing farmers’ willingness and behavior choices to withdraw from rural homesteads in China. Growth and Change, 53(1), 112–131.
Gu, H., Ling, Y., Shen, T., & Yang, L. (2020). How does rural homestead influence the hukou transfer intention of rural-urban migrants in China? Habitat International, 105, 102267.
Han, S. S., & Lin, W. (2019). Transforming rural housing land to farmland in Chongqing, China: The land coupon approach and farmers’ complaints. Land Use Policy, 83, 370–378.
Holmes, J. (2006). Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: Gaps in the research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(2), 142–160.
Hossinger, S., Block, J., Chen, X., & Werner, A. (2021). Venture creation patterns in academic entrepreneurship: The role of founder motivations. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1–58.
Hou, A. C., Chern, C. C., Chen, H. G., & Chen, Y. C. (2011). Migrating to a new virtual world’: Exploring MMORPG switching through human migration theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1892–1903.
Huang, X., Li, H., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2018). Land use policy as an instrument of rural resilience–the case of land withdrawal mechanism for rural homesteads in China. Ecological Indicators, 87, 47–55.
IFPRI (2020). In Exploring farmer adoption of conservation agriculture using a lab-in-the-field approach. Retrieved from https://www.ifpri.org/blog/exploring-farmer-adoption-conservation-agriculture-using-lab-field-approach.
Jackson, L. M. (2022). Twenty-four hour party people: A transnational history of communist bodies, 1919–1943 (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz).
Jedwab, R., Christiaensen, L., & Gindelsky, M. (2017). Demography, urbanization and development: Rural push, urban pull and… urban push? Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 6–16.
Jiang, G., He, X., Qu, Y., Zhang, R., & Meng, Y. (2016). Functional evolution of rural housing land: A comparative analysis across four typical areas representing different stages of industrialization in China. Land Use Policy, 57, 645–654.
Jiang, X., Zhong, S., Huang, C., Guo, X., & Zhao, J. (2022). Blessing or curse? The impacts of non-agricultural part-time work of the large farmer households on agricultural labor productivity. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(1), 26–48.
Jin, S., & Deininger, K. (2009). Land rental markets in the process of rural structural transformation: Productivity and equity impacts from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(4), 629–646.
Jun, E., Birchfield, M., De Moura, N., Heer, J., & Just, R. (2022). Hypothesis formalization: Empirical findings, software limitations, and design implications. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 29(1), 1–28.
Jung, J., Han, H., & Oh, M. (2017). Travelers’ switching behavior in the airline industry from the perspective of the push-pull-mooring framework. Tourism Management, 59, 139–153.
Kates, R. W., & Parris, T. M. (2003). Long-term trends and a sustainability transition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(14), 8062–8067.
Kong, X., Liu, Y., Jiang, P., Tian, Y., & Zou, Y. (2018). A novel framework for rural homestead land transfer under collective ownership in China. Land Use Policy, 78, 138–146.
Kung, J. K. S. (2002). Off-farm labor markets and the emergence of land rental markets in rural China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 30(2), 395–414.
Lambin, E. F., & Meyfroidt, P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), 3465–3472.
Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of demography. Demography, 3, 6–7.
Leyk, S., Gaughan, A. E., Adamo, S. B., de Sherbinin, A., Balk, D., Freire, S., & Pesaresi, M. (2019). The spatial allocation of population: A review of large-scale gridded population data products and their fitness for use. Earth System Science Data, 11(3), 1385–1409.
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Long, H., & Cui, W. (2014). Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China: Evidence from Dancheng County, Henan Province. Land Use Policy, 39, 188–198.
Li, Y., Wu, W., & Liu, Y. (2018). Land consolidation for rural sustainability in China: Practical reflections and policy implications. Land Use Policy, 74, 137–141.
Liang, F., Lin, C., & Lin, S. H. (2022). Farmers’ livelihood, risk expectations, and homestead withdrawal policy: Evidence on JinJiang pilot of China. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 26(1), 56–71.
Liu, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Cities without slums? China’s land regime and dual-track urbanization. Cities, 101, 102652.
Liu, R., Yu, C., Jiang, J., Huang, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2020). Farmer differentiation, generational differences and farmers’ behaviors to withdraw from rural homesteads: Evidence from Chengdu, China. Habitat International, 103, 102231.
Liu, R., Jiang, J., Yu, C., Rodenbiker, J., & Jiang, Y. (2021). The endowment effect accompanying villagers’ withdrawal from rural homesteads: Field evidence from Chengdu, China. Land Use Policy, 101, 105107.
Liu, H., Li, G., & Wang, K. (2022). Homestead reduction, economic agglomeration and rural economic development: Evidence from Shanghai, China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 14(2), 274–293.
Long, H., Tu, S., Ge, D., Li, T., & Liu, Y. (2016). The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 392–412.
Lu, H., Xie, H., & Yao, G. (2019). Impact of land fragmentation on marginal productivity of agricultural labor and non-agricultural labor supply: A case study of Jiangsu, China. Habitat International, 83, 65–72.
Lu, X., Peng, W., Huang, X., Fu, Q., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Homestead management in China from the “separation of two rights” to the “separation of three rights”: Visualization and analysis of hot topics and trends by mapping knowledge domains of academic papers in China National Knowledge infrastructure (CNKI). Land Use Policy, 97, 104670.
Lyu, L., Wu, W., Hu, H., & Huang, R. (2019). An evolving regional innovation network: Collaboration among industry, university, and research institution in China’s first technology hub. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44, 659–680.
Mallick, B. (2019). The nexus between socio-ecological system, livelihood resilience, and migration decisions: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Sustainability, 11(12), 3332.
Markussen, T., Fibæk, M., Tarp, F., & Tuan, N. D. A. (2018). The happy farmer: Self-employment and subjective well-being in rural Vietnam. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1613–1636.
Mills, J., Gaskell, P., Ingram, J., Dwyer, J., Reed, M., & Short, C. (2017). Engaging farmers in environmental management through a better understanding of behaviour. Agriculture and Human Values, 34, 283–299.
Montri, D., Chung, K., & Behe, B. (2021). Farmer perspectives on farmers markets in low-income urban areas: A case study in three Michigan cities. Agriculture and Human Values, 38, 1–14.
Moon, B. (1995). Paradigms in migration research: Exploring’moorings’ as a schema. Progress in Human Geography, 19(4), 504–524.
Morantz, A. D. (2006). There’s no place like home: Homestead exemption and judicial constructions of family in Nineteenth-Century America. Law and History Review, 24(2), 245–295.
Muñoz, B., Monzon, A., & Daziano, R. A. (2016). The increasing role of latent variables in modelling bicycle mode choice. Transport Reviews, 36(6), 737–771.
Niebuhr, A., Peters, J. C., & Schmidke, A. (2020). Spatial sorting of innovative firms and heterogeneous effects of agglomeration on innovation in Germany. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 45(5), 1343–1375.
Peng, C. S. (2013). The influence of the cognition of the property right of the rural residential land on the withdrawal intention of the homesteads: Based on an empirical analysis of the questionnaire survey on the 1413 farmers of six counties in Anhui, China. China Rural Survey, 1, 21–33.
Peng, C. S., & Fan, Z. Y. (2012). The analysis of the rural homesteads withdrawal willingness and its influencing factors based on the empirical research of 1413 farmers from 6 counties in Anhui Province. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2, 154–162.
Qi, W., Li, Z., & Yin, C. (2022). Response mechanism of farmers’ livelihood capital to the compensation for rural homestead withdrawal—empirical evidence from Xuzhou City, China. Land, 11(12), 2149.
Qin, X., Li, Y., Lu, Z., & Pan, W. (2020). What makes better village economic development in traditional agricultural areas of China? Evidence from 338 villages. Habitat International, 106, 102286.
Quisumbing, A. R., & Pandolfelli, L. (2010). Promising approaches to address the needs of poor female farmers: Resources, constraints, and interventions. World Development, 38(4), 581–592.
Rawal, V. (2001). Agrarian reform and land markets: A study of land transactions in two villages of West Bengal, 1977–1995. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(3), 611–629.
Seto, K. C., Reenberg, A., Boone, C. G., Fragkias, M., Haase, D., Langanke, T., Marcotullio, P. J., Munroe, D., Olah, B, & Simon, D. (2012). Urban land teleconnections and sustainability. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Vol. 109, no. 20, pp. 7687–7692).
Shanks, T. R. (2005). The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history. Inclusion in the American Dream: Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy, 20–41.
Shi, P., Vanclay, F., & Yu, J. (2022). Post-resettlement support policies, psychological factors, and farmers’ homestead exit intention and behavior. Land, 11(2), 237.
Song, L., Lyu, P., & Cao, Y. (2021). Multi-party game and simulation in the withdrawal of rural homestead: Evidence from China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 13(3), 614–638.
State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2015). In Opinions on further deepening rural land system reform. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-08/27/content_10158.htm.
Stiglitz, J. E. (1986). The new development economics. World Development, 14(2), 257–265.
Su, K., Wu, J., Yan, Y., Zhang, Z., & Yang, Q. (2022). The functional value evolution of rural homesteads in different types of villages: Evidence from a Chinese traditional agricultural village and homestay village. Land, 11(6), 903.
Sun, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Factors influencing farmer’s decision-making behavior on rural construction land transformation. Sustainability, 10(11), 4288.
Tang, S., Hao, P., & Huang, X. (2016). Land conversion and urban settlement intentions of the rural population in China: A case study of suburban Nanjing. Habitat International, 51, 149–158.
Tsikata, D., & Yaro, J. A. (2014). When a good business model is not enough: Land transactions and gendered livelihood prospects in rural Ghana. Feminist Economics, 20(1), 202–226.
Wang, D. (2006). China's urban and rural old age security system: Challenges and options. China & World Economy, 14(1), 102–116.
Wang, X., & Kang, J. (2023). Decision making and influencing factors in withdrawal of rural residential land-use rights in Suzhou, Anhui Province, China. Land, 12(2), 479.
Wang, Y., Chen, L., & Long, K. (2018). Farmers’ identity, property rights cognition and perception of rural residential land distributive justice in China: Findings from Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Habitat International, 79, 99–108.
Wang, J., Xin, L., & Wang, Y. (2020). How farmers’ non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China? Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30, 378–400.
Wang, K., Li, G., & Liu, H. (2021). Porter effect test for construction land reduction. Land Use Policy, 103, 105310.
Wang, M., Yang, Y., & Guo, T. (2021). Measurement of urban–rural integration level in suburbs and exurbs of big cities based on land-use change in Inland China: Chengdu. Land, 10(5), 474.
Wang, J., Zhao, K., Cui, Y., & Cao, H. (2022). Formal and Informal Institutions in Farmers’ Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads in China: Heterogeneity analysis based on the Village Location. Land, 11(10), 1844.
Wei, Y. U., Bencheng, L. I. U., & Jinping, S. O. N. G. (2016). A study on farmers’ willingness to quit rural residential lands and its influencing factors. Geographical Research, 35(3), 551–560.
Wu, D., Gu, N., & He, D. (2010). The usages and expectations of multilingual information access in Chinese academic digital libraries. In The Fifth Annual iConference, Champaign, IL (pp. 317–322).
Wu, Y., Mo, Z., Peng, Y., & Skitmore, M. (2018). Market-driven land nationalization in China: A new system for the capitalization of rural homesteads. Land Use Policy, 70, 559–569.
Wu, R., Alvarado, R., Méndez, P., & Tillaguango, B. (2023). Impact of informational and cultural globalization, R&D, and urbanization on Inequality. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1–37.
Xia, M., Lin, S. M., & Guo, G. C. (2016). Influential factors of farmers’ willingness in rural residential land quittance in different economic developed areas in Jiangsu Province. Resources Science, 38(4), 728–737.
Xie, H., Zhao, J. W., Zhou, H. W., Ren, S. H., & Zhang, R. X. (2020). Secondary utilizations and perspectives of mined underground space. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 96, 103129.
Yan, Y., Yang, Q., Su, K., Bi, G., & Li, Y. (2022). Farmers’ willingness to gather homesteads and the influencing Factors—An empirical study of different geomorphic areas in Chongqing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5252.
Yang, C., & Qian, Z. (2021). Resettlement with chinese characteristics’: The distinctive political-economic context, (context, (in) voluntary urbanites, and three types of mismatch. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 13(3), 496–515.
Yiming, Y. (2017). The dynamic evolution of China’s special economic zones and their practice. Studies on China’s Special Economic Zones, 13–22.
Yuan, Z., Fu, C., Kong, S., Du, J., & Li, W. (2022). Citizenship ability, homestead utility, and rural homestead transfer of “Amphibious” farmers. Sustainability, 14(4), 2067.
Zeng, Z., Li, S., Lian, J. W., Li, J., Chen, T., & Li, Y. (2021). Switching behavior in the adoption of a land information system in China: A perspective of the push–pull–mooring framework. Land Use Policy, 109, 105629.
Zhang, L., LeGates, R., & Zhao, M. (2016). Understanding China’s urbanization: The great demographic, spatial, economic, and social transformation. In Understanding China’s urbanization. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Zhang, B., Sun, P., Jiang, G., Zhang, R., & Gao, J. (2019). Rural land use transition of mountainous areas and policy implications for land consolidation in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29, 1713–1730.
Zhang, Y., Westlund, H., & Klaesson, J. (2020). Report from a chinese village 2019: Rural homestead transfer and rural vitalization. Sustainability, 12(20), 8635.
Zhang, J., Geng, Y., Yin, C., Deng, Y., Ma, Y., & Chen, W. (2022). Simulation of Homestead Reform based on “Potential constraint-probability Decision”. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 38(18). (In Chinese).
Zhao, Y., Cloutier, S., & Li, H. (2020). Farmers’ economic status and satisfaction with homestead withdrawal policy: Expectation and perceived value. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7110.
Zheng, H., Ma, W., Guo, Y., & Zhou, X. (2022). Interactive relationship between non-farm employment and mechanization service expenditure in rural China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 14(1), 84–105.
Zhou, Y., Li, X., & Liu, Y. (2020). Rural land system reforms in China: History, issues, measures and prospects. Land Use Policy, 91, 104330.
Zhou, L., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Ou, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2021). Exploring the relationship between leisure and sustainability in a chinese Hollow Village. Sustainability, 13(18), 10031.
Zhu, Y., & Chen, W. (2010). The settlement intention of China’s floating population in the cities: Recent changes and multifaceted individual-level determinants. Population Space and Place, 16(4), 253–267.
Zhu, M., & Dong, Y. (2022). Institutional Supply, digital governance and homestead exit in Megacity. In 2022 2nd International conference on business administration and data science (BADS 2022) (pp. 934–941). Atlantis Press.
Zou, W., Wang, Z., Xu, B., & Zhang, B. (2017). Study on the impacts of rural household differentiation on the rural residential land exit: Based on the empirical research of 1456 rural households in Jiangsu Province. China Land Sciences, 31(5), 31–37.
Funding
National Social Science Fund Project “a study on the distribution of value-added income from operational transfer of the right to use homestead in the separation of the three rights” (20BJY120); National Natural Science Fund Project “Management Honeypot Theory Exploration and Simulation Practice (70907080)”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Xia, T., Carayannis, E.G., Sindakis, S. et al. Technology transfer for sustainable rural development: evidence from homestead withdrawal with compensation in Chengdu–Chongqing. J Technol Transf 49, 303–333 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-023-10019-9
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-023-10019-9