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Glomangiosarcoma-like Anaplastic Transformation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Novel Form of Heterologous Differentiation and a Systematic Review of Heterologous Element Prevalence

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Abstract

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) demonstrates a wide variety of morphologies and is characteristically associated with a differentiated thyroid carcinoma component. Heterologous differentiation is a rare, potentially challenging phenomenon in ATC, mostly observed as osteosarcomatous or chondrosarcomatous differentiation. We now describe a novel ‘glomangiosarcoma-like’ differentiation, review our archival experience from two institutions (UPMC, CC), and perform a systematic review for the prevalence of heterologous elements in ATC. The patient is a 57-year-old female who presented with 4.5 cm left thyroid, and 3.4 cm neck masses. Histologically, the thyroid demonstrated a differentiated high grade papillary thyroid carcinoma, tall cell and hobnail/micropapillary subtypes transitioning into an anaplastic component with spindled to ovoid cells with hemangiopericytoma-like vasculature showing CD34 positivity, variable muscle marker expression and pericellular lace-like type IV collagen deposition. The neck mass consisted solely of the latter morphology. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on high grade DTC and adjacent ATC from the thyroid as well as ATC from the neck metastasis. All three components shared BRAFV600E, TERT promoter, and PIK3CA mutations confirming a clonal origin. Archival (UPMC: n = 150, CC: n = 74) and literature review showed no prior examples. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence showed a baseline pooled prevalence (generalized linear mixed model) of heterologous elements of any type to be 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 1.0–2.6%) for studies where this was specifically addressed. ATC with glomangiosarcoma-like heterologous differentiation is a rarity among an already rare morphologic category with unique diagnostic pitfalls.

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Funding

This work was supported by Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Pittsburgh Grant Number UL1-TR-001857.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Rayan Rammal, Aatur D. Singhi & Raja R. Seethala

  2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Jason K. Wasserman

  3. Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Christopher C. Griffith

Authors
  1. Rayan Rammal
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  2. Jason K. Wasserman
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  3. Aatur D. Singhi
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  4. Christopher C. Griffith
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  5. Raja R. Seethala
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Rayan Rammal, Jason K. Wasserman, Raja R. Seethala, Methodology: Rayan Rammal, Christopher C. Griffith, Jason K. Wasserman, Aatur D. Singhi, Raja R. Seethala, Formal analysis and investigation: Rayan Rammal, Raja R. Seethala, Writing—original draft preparation: Rayan Rammal, Writing—review and editing: Christopher C. Griffith, Jason K. Wasserman, Aatur D. Singhi, Raja R. Seethala, Funding acquisition: N/A, Resources: Christopher C. Griffith, Jason K. Wasserman, Aatur D. Singhi, Raja R. Seethala, Supervision: Raja R. Seethala.

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Correspondence to Rayan Rammal.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB#:STUDY23060014). The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial to disclose.

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This study has obtained IRB approval from (University of Pittsburgh Human Research Protection Office) and the need for informed consent was waived.

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Rammal, R., Wasserman, J.K., Singhi, A.D. et al. Glomangiosarcoma-like Anaplastic Transformation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Novel Form of Heterologous Differentiation and a Systematic Review of Heterologous Element Prevalence. Endocr Pathol 34, 471–483 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-023-09787-9

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