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Unsupervised multimodal learning for image-text relation classification in tweets

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Abstract

Recent studies show that the use of multimodality can effectively enhance the understanding of social media content. The relations between texts and images become an important basis for developing multimodal data and models. Some studies have attempted to label image-text relation (ITR) and build supervised learning models. However, manually labeling ITR is a challenging task and incurs many controversial labels because of disagreements among the annotators. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised multimodal method called ITR pseudo-labeling (ITRp) that learns multimodal representations for various ITR types using different finetuning strategies. Our ITRp method generates pseudo-labels by clustering and uses them as supervision to train the classifier and encoders. We evaluate the ITRp method on the ITR dataset and the effects of the samples with incorrect labels on both the supervised and unsupervised models. The code and data are available on the website https://github.com/SuYindu/ITRp.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the GitHub repository, https://github.com/SuYindu/ITRp.

Notes

  1. https://github.com/huyt16/Twitter100k.

  2. https://github.com/danielpreotiuc/text-image-relationship.

  3. https://github.com/SuYindu/ITRp.

  4. Lil Wayne, an American rapper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou City University, 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China

    Lin Sun, Qingyuan Li & Yindu Su

  2. College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China

    Qingyuan Li & Yindu Su

  3. Zhejiang Development and Planning Institute, 598 Gudun Road, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China

    Long Liu

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  1. Lin Sun
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Correspondence to Lin Sun.

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Sun, L., Li, Q., Liu, L. et al. Unsupervised multimodal learning for image-text relation classification in tweets. Pattern Anal Applic 26, 1793–1804 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-023-01204-5

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