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From Coupling Second-Order Stresses to Understanding and Predicting the Structural Response of a Dioctahedral Smectite

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Clays and Clay Minerals

Abstract

The employment of clay minerals in the transport of water, nutrients, and contaminants depends on a few factors, including permeability, hydration behavior, ion-exchange efficiency, and more. With the application of external stress, it is still difficult to understand how clay particles swell and collapse, how water is retained, how hydration heterogeneities are formed within crystallites, and how interlamellar space is organized. The present work studied the link between geochemical, thermal, kinetic constraints (established at the laboratory scale), and intrinsic clay features by exchanging Na-rich montmorillonite (SWy2) with Ni2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+ cations. By comparing the experimental 00l reflections with the calculated reflections obtained from the structural models, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has enabled the building of a theoretical profile describing the layer stacking mode (LSM) and allowed the description of interlayer space (IS) configuration along the c* axis. Regardless of the type of the exchangeable cations (EC), XRD modeling revealed that all samples exhibited interstratified hydration behavior within the crystallite size, which probably indicates partial or incomplete saturation of the IS. This theoretical result was defined by the appearance of two hydration states (1W and 2W), which were unrelated to the strain strength creating a higher degree of structural heterogeneity. Using the theoretical decomposition of the observed XRD patterns, the identification of all distinct layer populations and their stacking mode was achieved. The segregated LSM are, therefore, obviously superior as a function of stress strength.

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The generated and analyzed data during the current study are included within the article and can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

CM acknowledges WO for the original idea for the study, the fruitful discussions about the XRD modeling approach, and the montmorillonite hydration behavior.

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  1. Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LR19ES20, Ressources, Matériaux et Ecosystèmes (RME), Université de Carthage, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisie

    Chadha Mejri, Walid Oueslati & Abdesslem Ben Haj Amara

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  1. Chadha Mejri
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PhD student Chadha Mejri (CM) realized the experimental part, the XRD profile modeling approach and drafting of the manuscript. Dr. Walid Oueslati (WO) supervised the study, contributed to the drafting of the manuscript, and to proof reading/revision. A. Ben Haj Amara conceived and designed the experiments, and played a key role in planning and conceptualizing the research.

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Correspondence to Chadha Mejri.

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The results presented are a part of the PhD thesis of Chadha Mejri carried out at the Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia and supervised by Dr Walid Oueslati.

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Associate Editor: Andrey G. Kalinichev

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Mejri, C., Oueslati, W. & Ben Haj Amara, A. From Coupling Second-Order Stresses to Understanding and Predicting the Structural Response of a Dioctahedral Smectite. Clays Clay Miner. 71, 513–538 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-023-00253-5

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