Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global staple crop vital for human nutrition. Heading date (HD) and flowering date (FD) are critical traits influencing wheat growth, development, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. A comprehensive study were conducted involving 190 bread wheat accessions to unravel the genetic basis of HD and FD using high-throughput genotyping and multi-environment field trials. Seven independent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified to be significantly associated with HD and FD using two GWAS methods, which explained a proportion of phenotypic variance ranging from 1.43% to 9.58%. Notably, QTLs overlapping with known vernalization genes Vrn-D1 were found, validating their roles in regulating flowering time. Moreover, novel QTLs on chromosome 2A, 5B, 5D, and 7B associated with HD and FD were identified. The effects of these QTLs on HD and FD were confirmed in an additional set of 74 accessions across different environments. An increase in the frequency of alleles associated with early flowering in cultivars released in recent years was also observed, suggesting the influence of molecular breeding strategies. In summary, this study enhances the understanding of the genetic regulation of HD and FD in bread wheat, offering valuable insights into crop improvement for enhanced adaptability and productivity under changing climatic conditions. These identified QTLs and associated markers have the potential to improve wheat breeding programs in developing climate-resilient varieties to ensure food security.
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Data availability
All data that support the findings in this study are available in this article and its supplementary files. Furthermore, the R code used for conducting the statistical analysis has been submitted and is available at the following repository: https://github.com/qiao-001/SNP_HBbaseGWAS.
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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171991), the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (2021KWZ-23), Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2452021166), the China 111 Project (B12007), the Construction of Overseas Demonstration Zone and the Tang Chung Ying Breeding Funds (NWAFU), P. R. China.
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Y.G.H. and L.C. designed the experiment, P.F.Q and X.L performed the experiment and wrote the paper, D.Z.L., S.L. L.Z. collected the previous studies, P.F.Q., A.R analyzed the data, Y.G.H. and L.C. reviewed the paper. All authors read and approved the article.
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Qiao, P., Li, X., Liu, D. et al. Mining novel genomic regions and candidate genes of heading and flowering dates in bread wheat by SNP- and haplotype-based GWAS. Mol Breeding 43, 76 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-023-01422-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-023-01422-z