Abstract
In this paper, we considered design of the complex metalens with high numerical aperture. It proposed to be manufactured in a thin film of silicon nitride. The element represents two slanted sectored metalenses, every sector of which is binary sub-wavelength gratings set. The diameter of the proposed lens is 14 µm. Numerical modelling by applying the finite difference time-domain method demonstrated that the proposed element was able to detect laser vortex beams with different topological charges –2 and –1. Moreover, it can operate over the whole visible range of light. The proposed metalens is able to discern beams with different wavelengths since they are focused in different focal planes. The change of wavelength in a 1 nm produces the shift of focal spot in about 4 nm. In the case of a Gaussian incident beam with left circular polarizing, this metalens simultaneously forms two vortex beams with topological charges one and two at the focal length of 6 μm.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Wang, W., Guo, Z., Zhou, K., Sun, Y., Shen, F., Li, Y., Qu, S., and Liu, S., Polarization-independent longitudinal multi-focusing metalens, Opt. Express, 2015, vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 29855–29866.
Tian, S., Guo, H., Hu, J., and Zhuang, S., Dielectric longitudinal bifocal metalens with adjustable intensity and high focusing efficiency, Opt. Express, 2019, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 680–688.
Kim, C., Kim, S., and Lee, B., Doublet metalens design for high numerical aperture and simultaneous correction of chromatic and monochromatic aberrations, Opt. Express, 2020, vol. 28, no. 12, pp.18059–18076.
Li, M., Li, S., Chin, L., Yu, Y., Tsai, D., and Chen, R., Dual-layer achromatic metalens design with an effective Abbe number, Opt. Express, 2020, vol. 28, no 18, pp. 26041–26055.
Kotlyar, V.V., Stafeev, S.S., O’Faolain, L., and Kotlyar, M.V., High numerical aperture metalens for the formation of energy backflow, Comput. Opt., 2020, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 691–698.
Skidanov, R.V., Doskolovich, L.L., Ganchevskaya, S.V., Blank, V.A., Podlipnov, V.V., and Kazanskiy, N.L., Experiment with a diffractive lens with a fixed focus position at several given wavelengths, Comput. Opt., 2020, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 22–28.
Hsiao, H.-H., Chu, C.H., and Tsai, D.P., Fundamentals and applications of metasurfaces, Small Methods, 2017, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1600064.
Shan, D., Xu, N., Gao, J., Song, N., Liu, H., Tang, Y., Feng, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., and Sun, Q., Design of the all-silicon long-wavelength infrared achromatic metalens based on deep silicon etching, Opt. Express, 2022, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 13616–13629.
Chantakit, T., Schlickriede, C., Sain, B., Meyer, F., Weiss, T., Chattham, N., and Zentgraf, T., All-dielectric silicon metalens for two-dimensional particle manipulation in optical tweezers, Photonics Res., 2020, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1435–1440.
Fan, C., Chuang, T., Wu, K., and Su, G., Electrically modulated varifocal metalens combined with twisted nematic liquid crystals, Opt. Express, 2020, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 10609–10617.
Ma, X., He, W., Xin, L., Yang, Z., and Liu, Z., Imaging performance of a mid-infrared metalens with a machining error, Appl. Opt., 2022, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 60–68.
Qian, Z., Tian, S., Zhou, W., Wang, J., and Guo, H., Broadband achromatic longitudinal bifocal metalens in the visible range based on a single nanofin unit cell, Opt. Express, 2022, vol. 30, pp. 11203–11216. .https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.450601
Xie, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Liu, D., and Wu, X., Broadband polarization-insensitive metalens integrated with a charge-coupled device in the short-wave near-infrared range. Opt. Express, 2022, vol. 30, no 7, pp. 11372–11383.
Hsiao, H.-H., Chen, Y.H., Lin, R.J., Wu, P.C., Wang, S., Chen, B.H., and Tsai, D.P., Integrated resonant unit of metasurfaces for broadband efficiency and phase manipulation, Adv. Opt. Mater., 2018, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1800031.
Liu, M., Cao, J., Xu, N., and Wang, B., Broadband achromatic metalens for linearly polarized light from 450 to 800 nm, Appl. Opt., 2021, vol. 60, no. 30, pp. 9525–9529.
Wang, W., Guo, Z., Li, R., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Wang, X., and Qu, S., Ultra-thin, planar, broadband, dual-polarity plasmonic metalens, Photonics Res., 2015, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 68–71.
Ye, H., Sun, Q., Guo, Z., Hou, Y., Wen, F., Yuan, D., Qin, F., and Zhou, G., Theoretical realization of single-mode fiber integrated metalens for beam collimating, Opt. Express, 2021, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 27521–27529.
Wang, G., Habib, U., Yan, Z., Gomes, N., Sui, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, L., and Wang, C., Highly efficient optical beam steering using an in-fiber diffraction grating for full duplex indoor optical wireless communication, J. Lightwave Technol., 2018, vol. 36, no. 19, pp. 4618–4625.
Soloviev, V.S., Timoshenkov, S.P., Timoshenkov, A.S., Vinogradov, A.I., Kondratiev, N.M., and Raschepkina, N.A., Modeling the input of radiation into plane linear waveguides using diffraction gratings for a new technology for the manufacture of waveguide systems, Comput. Opt., 2020, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 917–922.
Shen, Z., Xiang, Z., Wang, Z., Shen, Y., and Zhang, B., Optical spanner for nanoparticle rotation with focused optical vortex generated through a Pancharatnam–Berry phase metalens, Appl. Opt., 2021, vol. 60, no. 16, pp. 4820–4826.
Guo, Y., Zhang, S., and Luo, X., Spin-decoupled metasurface for simultaneous detection of spin and orbital angular momenta via momentum transformation, Light Sci. Appl., 2021, vol. 10, pp. 63.
Jin, Z., Janoschka, D., Deng, J., Ge, L., Dreher, P., Frank, B., Hu, G., Ni, J., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yu, G., Lei, D., Li, G., Xiao, S., Mei, S., Giessen, H., Meyer zu Heringdorf, F., and Qiu, C.W., Phyllotaxis-inspired nanosieves with multiplexed orbital angular momentum, eLight, 2021, vol. 1, p. 5.
Kotlyar, V.V., Stafeev, S.S., Nalimov, A.G., O’Faolain, L., and Kotlyar, M.V., A dual-functionality metalens to shape a circularly polarized optical vortex or a second-order cylindrical vector beam, Photonics Nanostrurct. Fundam. Appl. 2021, vol. 43, p. 100898.
Volyar, A.V., Abramochkin, E.G., Egorov, Yu.A., Bretsko, M.V., and Akimova, Ya.E., Digital sorting of Hermite-Gauss beams, pp.mode spectra and topological charge of a perturbed Laguerre-Gauss beam, Comput. Opt., 2020, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 501–509.
Zeng, J., Li, L., Yang, X., and Gao, J., Generating and Separating Twisted Light by gradient–rotation Split-Ring Antenna Metasurfaces, Nano Lett., 2016, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 3101–3108.
Mehmood, M.Q., Mei, S., Hussain, S., Huang, K., Siew, S.Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Ling, X., Liu, H., Teng, J., Danner, A., Zhang, S., and Qiu, C.-W., Visible-frequency metasurface for structuring and spatially multiplexing optical vortices, Adv. Mater., 2016, vol. 28, no. 13, pp. 2533–2539.
Kotlyar, V.V., Nalimov, A.G., Stafeev, S.S., Hu, C., O’Faolain, L., Kotlyar, M.V., Gibson, D., and Song, S., Thin high numerical aperture metalens, Opt. Express, 2017, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 8158–8167.
Heckenberg, N.R., McDuff, R., Smith, C.P., and White, A.G., Generation of optical singularities by computer-generated holograms, Opt. Lett., 1992, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 221–223.
Lalanne, P., Lemercier-Lalanne, D., On the effective medium theory of subwavelength periodic structures, J. Mod. Opt. 1996, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2063–2085.
Kotlyar, V.V. and Nalimov, A.G., A vector optical vortex generated and focused using a metalens, Comput. Opt., 2017, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 645–654.
Stafeev, S.S., O’Faolain, L., Kotlyar, V.V., and Nalimov, A.G., Tight focus of light using micropolarizer and microlens. Appl. Opt., 2015, vol. 54, no. 14, p. 4388.
Funding
The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 23-12-00236.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
About this article
Cite this article
Nalimov, A., Kotlyar, V., Stafeev, S. et al. Metalens for Detection of a Topological Charge. Opt. Mem. Neural Networks 32 (Suppl 1), S187–S194 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1060992X23050144
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1060992X23050144