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SGLT-2i: Nanoparticular-Based Strategies, Solutions, and Clinical Applications in Opposition to Low Bioavailability

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Abstract

Purpose

Although SGLT-2i initially acquired prominence for usage in diabetes, they later emerged as the top medication class in both cardiovascular diseases and disorders. However, they still do not have the proper bioavailability (50–70%); therefore, it has different options such as using either a higher dose amount or dose frequency.

Methods

The aim of this review is focusing on current trials of SGLT-2i with less side effects and improved patient compliance, which lead to different options such as using either a higher dose amount or dose frequency.

Results

With the acceleration of clinical studies, it would not be surprising to witness the introduction of SGLT-2i nano-based systems as a commercial product in the upcoming years.

Conclusion

Research on SGLT-2i-based systems is being conducted to facilitate the development of new drug delivery methods such as microemulsion and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system.

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Data Availability

It is possible that the authors are presenting the data in accordance with specific requirements.

Abbreviations

ADA :

American Diabetes Association

BCS:

Biopharmaceutical Classification System

DECLARE :

Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events study

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

DPP-4I:

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor

EASD :

European Association for the Study of Diabetes

EMA:

European Medicine Agency

FDA:

Food and Drug Agency

GI:

Gastrointestinal system

GLP-1 RA :

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist

HF:

Heart failure

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

MLNS:

Multilayer nanosponge formulation

NHE3 :

Sodium hydrogen exchanger

PLGA:

Poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)

SGLT-2i:

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors

SNEDD:

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system

T2DM:

Type II diabetes mellitus

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Funding

This review was not supported by any institution.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Health Science and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Burcu Yesildag Uner

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Marmara University, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey

    Osman Yesildag

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  1. Burcu Yesildag Uner
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Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: U.Y.B. and Y.O.

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Correspondence to Burcu Yesildag Uner.

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Uner, B.Y., Yesildag, O. SGLT-2i: Nanoparticular-Based Strategies, Solutions, and Clinical Applications in Opposition to Low Bioavailability. J Pharm Innov 18, 2464–2470 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-023-09789-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-023-09789-4

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