Abstract
Key message
Korean pine trees expressed significant crown displacement. Nearest neighbor competition had the largest effect on the crown displacement compared to the slope direction and mean direction of wind.
Abstract
The crown displacement of individual trees exhibits an adaptive response driven by neighbors, but it can also be the result of wind force and slope effects. In our research, we focused on the crown displacement of planted Korean pine trees in northeast China. A total of 51 trees aged 8–56 years were destructively harvested to measure branch attributes. The gravity centers of the upper, lower and entire crown were calculated. The Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, generalized mixed effects model, and circular statistics were used to determine the response of crown displacement to biotic and abiotic factors. The results showed that the dominant tree had the largest absolute crown displacement, and the suppressed tree expressed the largest relative crown displacement. The lower crown showed more apparent crown displacement than the upper crown. The Korean pine was displaced in a northeastern direction. Nearest neighbor competition had the largest effect on the crown displacement compared to the slope direction. Slope direction had a slightly larger effect than the mean direction of wind. The crown displacement for the lower crown was more affected by the interaction of the wind, slope and neighbor competition than the upper crown. No relationship between crown displacement and stem eccentricity for the planted Korean pine was detected.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the students who contributed to our field investigation.
Funding
This study was financed by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2201800-02), Research project on technological innovation and development from National Forestry and Grassland Administration (No: 2023132015).
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Conception and design of study: HG, DC; acquisition of data: HG, HL, YS, HW; analysis: HG, DC; drafting the manuscript: HG; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: HL, DC, YS, HW; approval of the version of the manuscript to be published: HG, HL, DC, YS, HW.
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Gao, H., Lyu, H., Chen, D. et al. Crown displacement of planted Korean pine as a strategy for adapting to biotic and abiotic factors in northeast China. Trees 37, 1817–1829 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02463-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02463-9