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Peculiarities of the Mineralogical and Material Composition of Sands and Sandy Soils in the Cainozoic Deeps of Transbaikalia

  • SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF ARID TERRITORIES
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Abstract

The characteristics of climatic, lithological and geomorphological conditions of formation of sandy soils of Transbaikalia (Barguzin basin) is given. It has been established that the main soil-forming processes are cryo- and light-humus, accumulative-carbonate and pale-metamorphic. In the soils of deposits, the processes of stratification and abrasion are expressed. Moving sands are not affected by soil formation, but with partial fixation of herbaceous and/or shrub vegetation on them, embryonic underdeveloped soils (layered-eolian, humus psammozems) begin to develop. For the first time, the results of the material composition of the rocks of the Angara-Vitim batholith, soil-forming sand, as well as the composition of minerals of fractions <1.1–5 and >5 µm of cryohumus and light humus soils are presented. It has been determined that the regional features of soil-forming sands are carbonation, alkalinity, and polymineral content, which is inherited from calc-alkaline rocks. The sandy and silty soil fractions have a similar mineralogical composition, which are characterized by a high content of plagioclases and K-feldspars and a low content of quartz. The composition of the silty fraction consists of a mixed-layer phase of illite-smectites interbedded with single chlorite packets, di-trioctadridic illite, ferruginous chlorite, and kaolinite. Modern soil formation is characterized by a low degree of chemical weathering (CWC, CWI, and GM) and weak profile differentiation. A feature of the material composition of sandy soils is an increased content of potassium and sodium. According to the values of total alkalinity, the studied soils are highly alkaline soils. There is a clearly pronounced division of the soil profile according to biological activity. It was revealed that during arable use, sandy soils are potential centers of desertification: in the studied area, all arable lands and fallows located on them are deflated to varying degrees. At the same time, it was found that more than 70% belong to very strongly deflated and strongly deflated types. In such areas, humus soil layers are blown out and carbonate horizons and even soil-forming sands are exposed. The exposed middle horizons and sands do not possess elements of effective fertility. The yield of agricultural crops on such arable lands is very low, the process of natural restoration of vegetation cover on fallow lands is extremely difficult, and deflation ulcers practically do not overgrow. The inhibition of the processes of restoration of natural cenoses is largely due to the alkalinity and carbonation of soil-forming sands.

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Funding

The work was done on the topics of state assignments: Institute of General and Experimental Biology Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Evolutionary-genetic, biogeochemical and production functions of the soils of the Baikal region as a component of the biosphere, assessment of their resource potential and development of technologies for rational use and protection (No. 121030100228-4) and A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Historical ecology and biogeocenology (No. 0109-2019-0007), with the support of the Filippova Buryat State Agricultural Academy (Theme I, Sub-theme I.03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russia

    V. I. Ubugunova, V. L. Ubugunov & L. L. Ubugunov

  2. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017, Moscow, Russia

    E. B. Varlamov

  3. Institute of Ecology and Evolution. A.N. Severtsov, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia

    S. N. Bazha

  4. Buryat State Agricultural Academy named after V.R. Filippov, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russia

    L. L. Ubugunov

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  1. V. I. Ubugunova
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Correspondence to V. I. Ubugunova, E. B. Varlamov, S. N. Bazha or L. L. Ubugunov.

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Ubugunova, V.I., Ubugunov, V.L., Varlamov, E.B. et al. Peculiarities of the Mineralogical and Material Composition of Sands and Sandy Soils in the Cainozoic Deeps of Transbaikalia. Arid Ecosyst 13, 441–451 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096123040169

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