Abstract
Evaluation for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Position Dilution Of Precision (PDOP) is generally based on a simulated global grid with a specific Temporal–Spatial (T–S) resolution. However, the lack of a unified evaluation standard regarding the grid model, T–S resolution and evaluation period leads to inaccurate PDOP evaluation results and unreasonable comparisons among multi-GNSS. We propose the Equal-Arc-Length Grid (GRID_EAL) for PDOP evaluation, which can avoid the bias caused by uneven point distribution present in the commonly used Equal-Interval of Longitude and Latitude Grid (GRID_ELL) and provide more accurate results. Based on GRID_EAL, we thoroughly analyze the varying characteristics and convergence of PDOP metrics with different T–S resolutions. The results indicate that the optimal T–S resolution is 300 s and 3 degrees, reducing time and memory costs by 90% compared to the T–S resolution of 30 s and 3 degrees, while ensuring evaluation accuracy. Moreover, to ensure the representativity of PDOP evaluation for each system, a sliding window method is developed based on the Constellation Ground Track Repeat Period, which enables continuous daily comparisons among multi-GNSS. The proposed method satisfies the requirements for the unified evaluation standard set by the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems, International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment, and benefits PDOP evaluation and comparison for multi-GNSS.
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Data availability
The broadcast ephemeris can be accessed at ftp://ftp.pecny.cz/LDC/orbits_brd/gop3/. The datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.
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Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12073063, 12203090). The authors are grateful to ICG IGMA task force with the representatives from all institutions and the International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS). The authors would like to acknowledge the International GNSS Service (IGS) and GOP for providing broadcast ephemeris.
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SS and ZW designed this research project; ZW performed the research and wrote the manuscript; SS, WH and WW gave helpful suggestions on analysis and result interpretation. GQ and WL contributed to the data analysis. GQ and JL reviewed and modified this manuscript.
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Appendices
Appendix
Results of PDOP metrics in different T–S resolutions
When the temporal resolution is fixed at 600 s, the evaluation results for the four systems are presented in Table 7, with spatial resolutions ranging from 1 to 8 degrees. The difference from mean for the four systems converges after the spatial resolution reaches 3 degrees. Subsequently, the spatial resolution is fixed at 3 degrees, the evaluation results for the four systems are presented in Table 8, with temporal resolutions ranging from 30 to 3600 s. The difference from mean for the four systems basically converges after the temporal resolution reaches 600 s.
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Wang, Z., Song, S., Jiao, W. et al. A unified PDOP evaluation method for multi-GNSS with optimization grid model and temporal–spatial resolution. GPS Solut 28, 36 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01578-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01578-3