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Nutrition Interventions on Muscle-Related Components of Sarcopenia in Females: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Abstract

Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disease categorized by low muscle strength, muscle quantity or quality, and physical performance. Sarcopenia etiology is multifaceted, and while resistance training is widely agreed upon for prevention and treatment, disease progression is also highly related to poor diet. The incidence of sarcopenia appears sex-specific and may be increased in females, which is problematic because dietary quality is often altered later in life, particularly after menopause. Identifying effective nutrition or supplementation interventions could be an important strategy to delay sarcopenia and related comorbidities in this vulnerable population. This systematic review examined randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of nutrition strategies on muscle-related components of sarcopenia in middle-aged and older females. A protocol was registered (PROSPERO CRD42022382943) and a systematic search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken. RCTs from 2013 to 2023 that assessed nutrition-only interventions on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function in female participants were included. Fourteen RCTs were included based on selection criteria. Study designs and interventions were heterogeneous in supplementation type and amount, age, and duration. Six RCTs reported beneficial effects of protein, Vitamin D, Vitamin D and Magnesium (Mg), and fish oil on muscle protein synthesis, muscle strength, and/or muscle function. Eight studies that examined various protein interventions, VitD alone, Mg alone, and dairy derivatives did not demonstrate any effect. Exercise appeared to modulate results in several studies. Nutrition interventions alone are likely to have a limited but positive effect on muscle-related components of sarcopenia in females. Current evidence suggests that a combination of dietary intervention and exercise is likely to be key to preventing and treating sarcopenia in middle aged and older females and there is a need for well-designed nutrition based studies in this population.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA

    Margaret Thornton, Kylie Blodgett & Rachele Pojednic

  2. Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia

    Marc Sim, Mary A. Kennedy & Rachele Pojednic

  3. Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

    Marc Sim

  4. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Richard Joseph

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Contributions

RP and MT: designed the study, completed initial review, and prepared the first draft of the paper. MS, MK, KB, and RJ: contributed to review of included manuscripts. All authors revised the paper critically for intellectual content and approved the final version. All authors agree to be accountable for the work and to ensure that any questions relating to the accuracy and integrity of the paper are investigated and properly resolved.

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Correspondence to Rachele Pojednic.

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The salary of MS is supported by a Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation Fellowship (RPHRF CAF 00/21) and an Emerging Leader Fellowship from the Future Health Research and Innovation Fund (Department of Health, Western Australia). None of the funding agencies had any role in the conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

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Thornton, M., Sim, M., Kennedy, M.A. et al. Nutrition Interventions on Muscle-Related Components of Sarcopenia in Females: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Calcif Tissue Int 114, 38–52 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-023-01157-1

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