Introduction

Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. is the largest genus in the Gesneriaceae and a common component in the rain forest understorey across its distribution from the Nicobar Islands, through Malesia to the Pacific, reaching as far east as the Hawaiian archipelago. Cyrtandra is characterised by two fertile stamens and indehiscent fruits that are hard capsules or more rarely fleshy berries, although the latter become more common towards the east of its distribution (Atkins et al. 2013). Species of Cyrtandra are typically herbs or shrubs but can be epiphytes or small trees. Flower colour and form is variable: in western Malesia, flowers tend to be white, but to the east across Malesia, there is a shift to more brightly coloured flowers seemingly adapted for bird pollination, particularly in Sulawesi, the Philippines and New Guinea (Atkins et al. 2021; see Fig. 1 for examples of New Guinea Cyrtandra morphology).

Fig. 1.
figure 1

Variation in Cyrtandra morphology. A C. arfakensis Schltr.; B C. fuscovellea K.Schum.; C C. vittata Bramley & H.J.Atkins; D C. sp.; E C. aureosericea Kaneh. & Hatus.; F C. pulleana Lauterb.. photos: a, dt. utteridge; b, e, f m. briggs; c w. baker

Full size image

There are an estimated 800 species in the genus (Atkins et al. 2013), but there is uncertainty over the accuracy of this figure due to a lack of taxonomic knowledge in several hotspots of Cyrtandra diversity, in terms of number of species, in particular Borneo and New Guinea. One of the necessary steps in a taxonomic study is to clarify the species names that have been described from or are recognised to be or have been present in the geographic area under revision, and in doing so, ensure that extant type material is associated with each name. Here, we present a synopsis of Cyrtandra in New Guinea with notes on currently accepted species and typification based on the literature and some herbarium work. This forms part of a series of similar works focused on other areas where Cyrtandra occurs (Olivar et al. 2022 (Philippines); Atkins et al. in prep. (Borneo); Wang et al. (2022) (Sumatra)), which act as precursors to full taxonomic revisions such as Atkins & Kartonegoro (2021; Sulawesi). This New Guinea synopsis also includes the New Guinea endemics Cyrtandropsis Lauterb. and Sepikea Schltr., genera considered to be closely related to Cyrtandra (Burtt 1936, 2001; Gillett 1970).

New Guinea

Following the approach of Cámara-Leret et al. (2020) we define New Guinea here as the region spanning the latitudinal range of 0.08°S to 10.66°S and the longitudinal range of 129.42°E to 150.21°E. This includes the Aru islands, the Raja Ampat islands, Biak, Yapen, New Britain, New Ireland and the Louisiade, Admiralty and Western Islands but excludes the Moluccas and Kai Islands to the west, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands to the east and the Micronesian islands to the north.

Materials and Methods

This account is based on the list of Cyrtandra names from New Guinea prepared by the first author for the Cámara-Leret et al. (2020) checklist. All protologues were subsequently checked; the type status confirmed and, if appropriate, a lectotype most representative of the protologue was chosen from the original material (as defined by Art. 9.4, Turland et al. 2018), if no holotype had been specified. Further discussion on type designation is given below with reference to the major authors of Cyrtandra species. Texts other than protologues in which species names are treated are listed under each species. The checklist entry for each name follows the standard abbreviations for authors (IPNI 2022) and journals and books (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022). To ascertain type status, physical and digital herbarium specimens were checked from the following herbaria (A, B, BISH, BM, BO, CGE, E, FU, G, K, L, LAE, LY, MEL, NY, P, S, UC, W, WRSL) (abbreviations following Thiers 2022) and online resources such as JSTOR plants (JSTOR 2022). All type specimens have been seen by the authors, either the physical specimen or a digital specimen, unless otherwise stated. Type localities are presented to match the specimen labels rather than as given in protologues, occasionally there being some differences; if specimens could not be located, the details given are those that appear in the protologues. Due to the colonial history of both Indonesian New Guinea and Papua New Guinea, there are many different names referring to either country: modern country names are given along with the name recorded on the specimen label. Modern place names are given where equivalents exist.

No new synonyms are proposed here; any taxonomic decisions will be made in the forthcoming revision of New Guinea Cyrtandra (Bramley et al. in prep.).

Type Designation for New Guinea Cyrtandra

To avoid repetition in the text, here we discuss the major authors of New Guinea Cyrtandra and outline our decision-making regarding typification. Authors are presented in numerical order of the number of Cyrtandra species they published.

Rudolf Schlechter

Schlechter, who contributed the most significantly to the taxonomy of New Guinea Cyrtandra, both as a collector and later as a taxonomist, was posted to Kaiser Wilhelmsland (German New Guinea, now part of Papua New Guinea) by the Kolonial Wirtschaftliche Komitee [Colonial Economic Committee], a private organisation formed to propel economic development in German colonies (Pierard 1968). His mission was to find trees and vines that would produce latex for gutta percha and rubber (Frodin & Gressitt 1982). He made several expeditions, the first between 1901 – 1902, then between 1906 and 1909 (van Steenis & Steenis-Kruseman 1950). From 1921 – 1925 Schlechter was curator at B (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022), authoring works on several plant families including Gesneriaceae. Schlechter’s later collections from his second period in New Guinea, are type material for many of the 54 species he published in his Gesneriaceae Papuanae (1923).

In his revision, he included all 96 New Guinea Cyrtandra species published to that date and classified the majority of them into two subgenera and 14 sections, leaving nine unplaced. In Schlechter (1923), 13 names are validly published without full descriptions; Schlechter embellished these names in his 1926 publication. To date, Schlechter’s work remains the only comprehensive account of New Guinea Cyrtandra.

Schlechter (1923, 1926) listed the specimens he had seen for each species, however, he did not give the herbaria in which specimens were housed. Given that Schlechter was Curator at Berlin (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022), we assume that he studied specimens there, but we have no evidence to suggest that he worked solely on those specimens; he could have seen duplicate specimens before they were distributed, or visited other herbaria to view them. Schlechter Cyrtandra material no longer remains at B (Sleumer 1949; R. Vogt, Curator B, pers. comm.), but he sold many of his duplicates from his second period of New Guinea expeditions to Prince Roland Bonaparte for his herbarium (part of LY), most acquired in 1922 and 1923, according to stamps on the herbarium sheets and Bonaparte’s correspondence (M. Thiébault, Curator LY, pers. comm.). Some remained at LY, but others were distributed to herbaria including BR, K and P. Although we cannot be sure that Schlechter based his original descriptions on these specimens, it seems likely given the date of their distribution and the 1923 publication date of Schlechter’s account. In addition, following Turland et al. (2018), Art 9.4., they can be considered original material. Therefore, where specimens of type gatherings exist in more than one location, we select a lectotype, choosing the specimen that is the most representative of the protologue, in each case.

Unfortunately, many of Schlechter’s Cyrtandra species were based on collections of Ledermann which have not been located. For these names, neotypes must be selected, but with no reference other than Schlechter’s descriptions, and a lack of historical material to examine, this is a difficult process and more suited to a full taxonomic revision rather than this synopsis; we present names to which this applies as of incertae sedis here.

Karl Schumann

Schumann was a German botanist, studying then working at Breslau [Wrocław, Poland], before becoming curator at the Botanical Museum in Berlin (1884 – 1904) (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022). With Lauterbach, a German botanist and explorer with an extensive private herbarium and library near Breslau (now at WRSL) (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022), Schumann wrote Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee, enumerating over 2200 species from Kaiser Wilhelmsland (German New Guinea), the Bismarck Archipelago, the most western of the Solomon Islands, the Marshall, Caroline and Marianne Islands. In it, Schumann (1905) treated the Gesneriaceae, and described 11 Cyrtandra species based on type specimens at B and/or WRSL according to Stafleu et al. (accessed online 2022). As discussed above, the specimens held at B were destroyed in WWII, making lectotypification necessary from the extant original material.

For several names, there exist in Lauterbach’s herbarium at WRSL, pencil rubbings of specimens with label information written by Lauterbach. Sometimes these are the only original material of a species and have been proposed as lectotypes (Cyrtandra lasiantha K.Schum., Cyrtandropsis oreogiton (K.Schum.) Schltr.), sometimes a complete physical specimen is also present at WRSL, but the pencil rubbing is of a different specimen, and in three cases (Cyrtandra brownii K.Schum., C. exserta K.Schum., C. floribunda K.Schum.), a small fragment of specimen accompanies the pencil rubbing. We presume these pencil rubbings were made by Lauterbach, perhaps on a visit to B during the period he worked with Schumann on ‘Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee’? They should be regarded as unpublished illustrations, following the definition of ‘illustration’ given in Turland et al. (2018), Art. 6.1 (footnote) and Glossary: ‘a work of art or a photograph depicting a feature or features of an organism, e.g. a drawing, a picture of a herbarium specimen, or a scanning electron micrograph’. They may be the only surviving representations of specimens that were at B, given that they do not match duplicates at WRSL and no other duplicates have been located. The fragments of material are effectively type specimens, but they are insufficient to act as informative references for species, given that, as small pieces of detached leaf, they do not represent most details in the original description! In these cases, the pencil rubbings are proposed as epitypes to enable a better understanding of the species concerned.

Karl Lauterbach

Lauterbach published his ten new species of Cyrtandra in the Nova Guinea series (1910, 1912), a serial established for the reporting of the results of Dutch-led scientific expeditions (Frodin & Gressitt 1982). In the preface to these reports (Went & Pulle 1909), it is noted that types collected by Gjellerup, Janowsky, von Roemer and Versteeg are at BO, with duplicates at B, K, L, and U; there is no mention of WRSL, Lauterbach’s private herbarium. Specimens from these collectors at BO, or those that were distributed from there, that were designated as types by Lauterbach are considered to be original material seen by him. The specimens considered to be the most taxonomically informative, i.e. with leaves and flowers, and therefore representative of the original description, are selected as lectotypes.

Spencer Moore

Moore, a British botanist and explorer working at the BM from 1898 (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022), described New Guinea Cyrtandra names (nine species and one variety; Moore 1916) based on Boden Kloss specimens collected on the Wollaston expedition (1912 – 13), which aimed to reach the peak of Mount Carstensz. Although his types are recognised to be at the BM according to a note in a review of the report of the Wollaston Expedition (Ramsbottom 1916): ‘by a curious – and, for those who may wish to consult the types, a serious – omission, it is nowhere stated that these are in the National Herbarium [= BM]’, we cannot be certain that Moore did not work on duplicates of original material at K. Therefore, where there is original material present at both BM and K, the most informative specimen is proposed as lectotype. When original material consists of a single specimen at BM, this is considered a holotype.

Ryôzo Kanehira & Sumihiko Hatusima

Kanehira and Hatusima were Japanese botanists who made an expedition to northwest New Guinea in 1940. From 1943, they were based in the Herbarium and Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg (BO) until the end of WWII in 1945 (van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman 1950). They described five species of Cyrtandra and identified some of their other collections with reference to Schlechter (1923), based on their 1940 collecting trip (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943). Specimens at the home institute of Kanehira and Hatusima, FU, are recognised as holotypes in the absence of any other original material. Occasionally, duplicates of their material are present in BO. Where specimens exist in both herbaria, the specimen considered to be the most taxonomically informative is selected as lectotype.

Charles Clarke

Clarke (1883) usually listed multiple specimens as he was attempting to provide a comprehensive list of all of the material available at that time from the thirteen herbaria that he consulted for his monograph of Cyrtandra (Clarke 1883). He described three species and two varieties of New Guinea Cyrtandra. All but one of these taxa (C. albertisii C.B.Clarke), have original material comprising more than one specimen: in these cases a lectotype has been selected where necessary, or syntypes listed where further study is required (C. decurrens de Vriese var. puncticulata C.B.Clarke).

A Checklist of New Guinea Cyrtandra Names

Following the layout of Olivar et al. (2022), and the other regional Cyrtandra synopses in prep., names are given in alphabetical order. An appendix provides a list of names with their status and changes to typification presented here (Appendix Table 1). Names considered to be incertae sedis are listed in one section following the main checklist rather than interspersed by alphabet, within it.

1. Cyrtandra albertisii C.B.Clarke (1883: 254) (as C. albertisi); Schlechter (1923: 332). Type: [Papua New Guinea], Fly Flumen [Fly R.], 1877, D’Albertis s.n. (holotype FI, image seen! [ FI013131]).

notes. Clarke named this species Cyrtandra albertisi after its collector, the Italian Zoologist-ethnographer Count Luigi Maria d’Albertis who made several expeditions to New Guinea (van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman 1950). The epithet has been corrected to ‘albertisii’ following recommendation 60.8b of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Turland et al. 2018). The specimen at FI is recognised as holotype: it has ‘exemplum typicum’ written in Clarke’s handwriting and is the only specimen cited by Clarke (1883) in his protologue as being in h. Beccari propr. i.e. ‘in Beccari’s own herbarium’, which is in the Museum of Natural History in Florence (FI) (Cecchi et al. 2021).

At MEL, a second d’Albertis s.n. specimen has been labelled by Gillett as isotype of Cyrtandra albertisii, but we believe this to be incorrect. It differs morphologically from the FI specimen and has 1876 rather than 1877 listed as the collection date. D’Albertis made three explorations of the Fly River; material from the second expedition in 1876 was worked on by F. von Mueller, based in MEL; material from the third expedition in 1877 was studied by Beccari in FI (van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman 1950).

2. Cyrtandra arfakensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 333; 1926: 320); Kanehira & Hatusima (1943: 117). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica septentrionalis [Indonesia, Papua Barat Province], in monte Arfak [Arfak Mts], Angi R., 1900 m, 2 May 1912, Gjellerup 1236 (lectotype BO! [BO-1870473], designated here; isolectotype L image seen! [ L0003341]). Fig. 1A.

notes. Neither of the specimens of the type gathering cited by Schlechter (1923), Gjellerup 1236, have flowering material, both are labelled ‘Cyrtandra arfakensis Schltr., n. sp.’, in what appears to be Schlechter’s hand (see handwriting samples in van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman 1950); the BO specimen is selected as lectotype because it includes Gjellerup’s field label.

3. Cyrtandra atherocalyx G.W.Gillett (1975: 393); Clark et al. (2013: 173). Type: Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, Namatanai sub-distr., Hans Meyer Range, Danfu River Valley about 8 km W and upstream of the Danfu bridge nr Manga, 220 m, 2nd Feb. 1970, Sands 771 (holotype K! [K831688]; isotypes E! [E00062699], K! [K000831689], LAE!, UC image seen! [UC1594828]).

notes. This species does not occur on mainland New Guinea but according to Gillett (1975), is widely dispersed in the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands, although apparently absent from Bougainville.

4. Cyrtandra augusti Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 316; 1926: 313). Type: Neerlandica Nova Guinea, [Indonesia, Papua Province], in mont Hellwig meridionalis [southern Hellwig Mts], c. 1750 m, 15 Dec. 1912, Pulle 687 (lectotype, L image seen! [L0003343] designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1362456], K! [K000831690], U image seen! [U0226574]; L image seen! [L0003344], photo at E! [E00062628]).

notes. Schlechter (1923) listed Pulle 687 in his protologue. Duplicates of this material located at BO, K and L all bear labels in Schlechter’s hand, and the K specimen has a stamp recording its incorporation into the collections in 1923. Presumably, Schlechter worked on the specimens before they were distributed. On this basis, we select one of the sheets at L [L0003343] as lectotype because it has flowering material.

5 Cyrtandra aundensis P.Royen (1983: 2946). Type: Papua New Guinea, Pengagl Creek, Sayers & Millar NGF19918 (holotype CANB n.v.; isotype LAE!).

notes. Three of the specimens cited by van Royen, the holotype (Sayers & Millar NGF19918), Sayers & Millar NGF23685 and Brass 30364, were recognised as Cyrtandra sp. 1 in Johns & Stevens (1974: 26).

6. Cyrtandra aureosericea Kaneh. & Hatus. (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943: 117). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Province], Sennen, Nabire, 300 m, 8 March 1940, Kanehira-Hatusima 12634 (lectotype FU image seen!, designated here; isolectotype BO! [BO-1735352]). Fig. 1E.

notes. The specimen at FU is selected as lectotype here because it has more flowering material available to examine than the specimen at BO; this makes it more representative of the original description.

7. Cyrtandra axillantha K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 380); Schlechter (1923: 329). Type: Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck Gebirge [Bismarck Range], 1800 m, Jan. 1902, Schlechter 14016 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here, photo at E! [E00062645], [E00052646] (with capsule open); isolectotype BO! [BO-1362407]).

notes. The type material for Schumann (1905), in which he published Cyrtandra axillantha, is considered to have been at B and/or WRSL (see type designation section). Two duplicates of Schlechter 14016, the collection cited by Schumann (1905), have been located, both have a label written in the same handwriting, as yet unidentified, with ‘Cyrtandra axillantha K.Sch.n. sp.’. The specimen at WRSL has a pencil drawing of a floral dissection with measurements, but no indication who drew it. The specimen at BO has no annotation to prove that it was examined by Schumann, but it does have a small portion of the original sheet, subsequently remounted, noting ‘Sodea Sublimaat 26 November 1909’, which means it was submitted to the BO collections at that time. It is possible that it was part of the original material examined by Schumann before he published C. axillantha (Schumann 1905). Out of these specimens, the WRSL duplicate is selected as lectotype because it has slightly more leaf material.

8. Cyrtandra bismarckiensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 333). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in den Nebelwaldern auf dem Bismarck Gebirge [cloud forests of Bismarck Range], 1000 m, Oct. 1908, Schlechter 18530 (B destroyed). Neotype: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], walder des Bismarck Gebirge [woods of Bismarck Range], 1100 m, 30 Oct. 1908, Schlechter 18538 (P image seen! [P03884321], designated here; isoneotypes LY image seen! [LY0474312], LY image seen! [LY0474313], LY image seen! [LY0474311].

notes. Schlechter (1923) cited his own collection number 18530 in his protologue for Cyrtandra bismarckiensis. A specimen of this gathering has not been located, but specimens with a similar number, also from the Bismarck Range, collected in the same month (October 1908) but from 1100 rather than 1000 m, Schlechter 18538, are at LY (× 3) and P. These specimens have been identified as C. bismarckiensis n. sp., in handwriting that does not seem a good match to Schlechter’s following van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman (1950). Gillett, in a determination slip on the P specimen, suggested that Schlechter may have cited 18530 in error. Although there is a similar collecting locality and date, and the specimen was also collected by Schlechter, we cannot be certain that it was part of the same gathering and prefer to take a conservative approach here, designating it as neotype, rather than lectotype.

9. Cyrtandra bracteata Warb. (Warburg 1891: 417); Lauterbach (1910: 327); Schlechter (1923: 342, 343 Fig. 10). Type: [Papua New Guinea] Sattelberg bei Finschhafen [Sattleberg nr Finschhafen], Warburg 21226 (B, destroyed). Neotype: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den waldern des Kani-Gebirges [forests in the Kani Mts], c. 1000 m, 8 Oct. 1907, Schlechter 16661, P image seen! [P03884920] designated here; isoneotype LY image seen! [LY0474314].

notes. In his protologue, Warburg (1891) did not cite a collection number; his account is based on his New Guinea expedition, and presumably his collections: he noted that Cyrtandra bracteata comes from the forest ravines of the Sattelberg near Finschhafen. Later, Lauterbach (1910) added floral characters in an additional description and listed some Versteeg collections with inflorescences, (Versteeg 1276 L image seen!, 1477 L image seen! WRSL!, and 1588 BO!, L image seen!, U image seen!) from Dutch New Guinea [now Indonesia, Papua Province]: he noted that the species had only been known from a fruiting specimen, presumably Warburg’s collection. Later, Schlechter (1923) considered these to be C. confusa Schltr. Under C. bracteata, Schlechter cited a Warburg collection (Warburg 21226) along with Schlechter 16661, Hellwig 550 and Hellwig 259, and suggested three sterile Ledermann collections (11705, 11757e and 11668f) as possible matches. There is also a figure of C. bracteata in Schlechter (1923) showing habit, flowers and immature ovary, but the specimen upon which it was based is not given. Schlechter suggested that Lauterbach’s concept of C. bracteata matched his C. confusa, not C. bracteata sensu Warb., although he only saw Versteeg 1588, not 1477 or 1276, cited by Lauterbach as C. bracteata (Lauterbach 1910).

Of the collections cited by Schlechter, duplicates of Schlechter 16661 have been located at LY and P. The specimen at P is selected as neotype given that it is part of the gathering cited by Schlechter (1923), who we assume had seen Warburg’s specimen and therefore had a good understanding of Warburg’s concept of C. bracteata.

10. Cyrtandra brownii K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 376); Schlechter (1923: 335). Type: Sudostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Astrolabe range, June 1898, F. H. Brown 159 (lectotype designated here, WRSL!). Epitype: Sudostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Astrolabe range, June 1898, F. H. Brown 159 (WRSL pencil specimen rubbing!, (photo at E!, [E00062657]), designated here).

notes. According to van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman (1950), F. H. Brown’s collections were at B, with mainly ferns at NSW; as stated in the Introduction, Schumann’s types for Schumann (1905) were at B and/or WRSL. No record of Brown 159 has been found at B, presumably the specimen was destroyed in the WWII fires. However, a leaf in a capsule labelled Brown 159 is present at WRSL, as well as a pencil specimen rubbing, and a photo of the rubbing is at E. Perhaps this was made by Lauterbach on a visit to B and brought back to his herbarium? The leaf is selected as lectotype, being the only original material located. The specimen rubbing is proposed as an epitype given that the leaf is not an adequate representation of the species to enable it to be fully understood and that it seems unlikely that new material of this species will be found within a reasonable timeframe.

11. Cyrtandra bullata Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 355). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern der Berge bei Jaduna, am Waria [in the woods in the mountains near Jaduna, on the Waria (river)] c. 300 m, 8 April 1909, Schlechter 19274 (lectotype P image seen![P03884919], photo of specimen at E! [E00062680], designated here; isolectotypes LY image seen! [LY0474315], LY image seen! [LY0474316]).

notes. From the original material cited by Schlechter, Schlechter 19274, specimens have been located at LY (× 2) and P; we designate the specimen at P as lectotype here, it has some inflorescence parts attached to the stem, but the LY specimens are sterile.

12. Cyrtandra bungahijau Bramley & H.J.Atkins (Atkins et al. 2019: 29). Type: Indonesia, Tanah Papua, Yapen Island, Kosiwo, Ambaidiru, Kapit Atusamban behind the homestay in Ambaidiru village, 1000 m, cuttings collected 18 Feb. 2009, Argent et al. ABEG218, cultivated at RBGE as 20090826, vouchered as Atkins 57 (holotype E! [E00954390]; isotype MAN image seen!).

13. Cyrtandra calycina Benth. (Bentham 1843: 229); Clarke (1883: 248); De Candolle & de Candolle (1845: 282); Miquel (1856: 748); Schlechter (1923: 365); Burtt (1990: 211). Type: New Guinea, 1841, Hinds s.n. (lectotype K! [K000831691], designated here).

notes. Bentham (1843) cited a Hinds specimen in his protologue. A Hinds specimen at K labelled ‘Cyrtandra calycina Benth., Lond. Journ. 2. 229, New Guinea, Hinds 1841’, in Bentham’s handwriting (see The Barneby Catalogue, accessed online 2022)), is selected as lectotype. It is also referred to by Clarke (1883), who gives ‘Hinds, in h. Kew’, with his account of C. calycina. A specimen matching the K Hinds specimen has been located in the Lindley Herbarium (CGE; CGE00047865), but although its label appears to have been written in the same hand as that on the K specimen, it does not list Hind as the collector, only ‘Cyrtandra calycina Benth., New Guinea’. It appears to have been trimmed extensively in the past and may have lost additional label information, according to curation staff at CGE (A. Horning, pers. comm.). Due to this uncertainty, we flag it as a possible isolectotype here, rather than officially recognising it as such.

13a. Cyrtandra calycina Benth. var. levis C.B.Clarke (1883: 249); Schlechter (1923: 365). Type: Papua [Indonesia, Papua Barat], Ramoi, June 1872, Beccari 283 (sheet number 7030) (lectotype FI image seen! [FI013137], designated here; isolectotype FI image seen! (sheet number 7030a), photo at E! [E00062697]).

notes. Clarke listed two collections with his protologue: Beccari 283 (in h. propr. [= FI]) and Zippelius 110, in h. Mus. Lugd [= L].. Beccari 283 (FI013137) and one of the Zippelius 110 sheets at L [L0003349] have attached to them a label written in Clarke’s hand. Of these two specimens known to have been seen by Clarke, the most informative specimen is Beccari 283 (FI013137), so it is selected as lectotype here.

14. Cyrtandra caudata Kaneh. & Hatus. (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943: 120). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Chaban, Nabire, c. 300 m, 28 Feb. 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 11767 (holotype FU image seen!).

notes. Kanehira & Hatusima’s collection 11767, their type of Cyrtandra caudata, is labelled ‘C. rostrata K&H’; presumably they altered their choice of name for this species to avoid making a homonym: Blume had already described a C. rostrata from Java, Sumatra and Bali.

15. Cyrtandra ceratocalyx K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 383); Schlechter (1923: 335). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli gebirge [Torricelli Mts], 1000 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14437 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here, photo at E! [E00062658]).

note. The only specimen of the type gathering that has been located is at WRSL (with a photo at E); it is selected as lectotype here. At WRSL there is also a pencil specimen rubbing, perhaps made from the specimen at B by Lauterbach? It does not depict the duplicate at WRSL and includes a pencil drawing of a flower dissection with measurements; it is considered as an illustration.

15a. Cyrtandra ceratocalyx K.Schum. var. umbraticola Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 335). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern des Kani Gebirge [forests in the Kani Mts], c. 800 m, 5 Oct. 1907, Schlechter 16636 (lectotype P image seen! [P03884890], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1873178], LY image seen! [LY0474318], LY image seen! [LY0474319], LY image seen! [LY0474321], LY image seen! [LY0474320]).

notes. Of the gathering cited by Schlechter (1923), specimens have been located at BO, LY (× 4) and P. The specimen at P is designated as lectotype here; it has more intact leaf material and more flowers attached to the stem than the other duplicates, making it more representative of Schlecter’s original description.

16. Cyrtandra chalcodea Diels (1929: 492); van Royen (1983: 2592). Type: [Papua New Guinea], Sarawaged gebirge [Saruwaged Range], Bolan, 1500 m, March – April 1923, Keysser 162 (lectotype BM! [BM000997682], designated here).

notes. When van Royen included this species in his Alpine Flora of New Guinea (1983), he stated that the type collection, Keysser 162, had been lost from B and selected a neotype (Womersley NGF15359, CANB). However, there is a duplicate of Keysser 162 at the BM which we designate as lectotype here, superseding van Royen’s neotype (Art. 9.19a, ICN, Turland et al. 2018). There is a handwritten note on the label of Keysser 162 (BM), ‘C. foersteriana’ Schltr. n. sp. (spelling uncertain): there is no mention of this species epithet in Schlechter (1923).

17. Cyrtandra chlamydocalyx Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 340; 1926: 319). Type: Sudwestl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], im Urwalde des ostlichen Oroh-Tales [Oro Valley], 2300 m, Feb. 1913, Pulle 1173 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003296], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1870677], K! [K000831692]; E! [E00062667], photo of a second sheet, specimen No. 952304 259); U image seen! [U1341250].

notes. Of the original material located, the L specimen [L0003296] is selected as lectotype here because it has more flowering material. At E there is photograph of a second L specimen of Pulle 1173, perhaps taken by Gillett on a visit to L or if he had specimens on loan. This specimen has not been located in the digital collection of L.

18. Cyrtandra chrysalabastrum K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 384); Schlechter (1923: 357). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], auf dem Wege vom Ramu zur Kuste [on the way from Ramu to the coast], Schlechter 14201, Feb. 1902 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here).

notes. A specimen of Schlechter 14201, the gathering cited by Schumann (1905), is at WRSL and is selected as lectotype here. Also, at WRSL is a pencil specimen rubbing of Schlechter 14201, but not of the WRSL duplicate; perhaps the rubbing was made from a duplicate at B on a visit by Lauterbach? It bears the label data in his handwriting.

19. Cyrtandra comocarpa G.W.Gillett (1975: 387); Clark et al. (2013: 174). Type: [Papua New Guinea], New Britain, 3 miles inward from Bialla, 120 m, 3 July 1973, Gillett 2555 (holotype K! [K000831693]; isotype A n.v., E! [E00062701], LAE!, UC image seen! [UC1437816]).

20. Cyrtandra confusa Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 347; 1926: 316). C. bracteata Lauterb. auct. non Warb., Lauterbach (1910: 327). Type: Niederl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], am Noord-Fluss [Lorentz river], bei Alkmaar [at Alkmaar] 8 Aug. 1907, Versteeg 1588 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here, photo at E! [E00062669]; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1870653], L image seen! [L0003285]; U image seen! [U0226575]).

notes. Schlechter (1923) cited two Pulle collections (Pulle 335, 358) and Versteeg 1588 with a note explaining his choice: the collections matched Lauterbach’s description of the flowers of his concept of Cyrtandra bracteata (see further notes under C. bracteata Warb.). Of these, we know that Versteeg 1588 was seen by both Lauterbach and Schlechter, having been cited by both; specimens of it are at L, U and WRSL. The Versteeg 1588 specimens at BO, L and U bear Lauterbach’s handwriting but no annotation by Schlechter, but the WRSL specimen bears a determination slip written by Schlechter, in addition to Lauterbach’s writing. Sheets of Pulle 335 have been located at BO and L; the BO specimens have no annotation by Schlechter, but Pulle 335 [L0003283] at L has a determination slip written by Schlechter. At BO, K and L there are specimens of Pulle 358, but none of these have been annotated by Schlechter: the specimens at K and L have labels generated in BO, so must have been distributed from there. From the extant specimens for which we have evidence were part of Schlechter’s original material, Versteeg 1588 (WRSL) and Pulle 335 (L), Versteeg 1588, has the most taxonomically informative material, so it is selected as lectotype here.

21. Cyrtandra consimilis S.Moore (1916: 130); Schlechter (1923: 363). Type: SW New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Utakwa [Otakwa] R. to Mt Carstensz, Camp 6A, 3100 ft, Boden Kloss s.n. (holotype BM! [BM000997680]).

notes. Collected on the Wollaston expedition (1912 – 13) to explore Mount Carstensz by C. B. Kloss and described by Moore. The Boden Kloss specimen at the BM consists only of three detached leaves and two detached flowers but is the only original material located and considered holotype (see type designation section under Spencer Moore).

22. Cyrtandra cryptantha Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 339; 1926: 316). Type: Sudwestl. Neu-Guinea, [Indonesia, Papua Province], auf dem Hellwig-Gebirge [Hellwig Mountains], c. 1800 m, Dec. 1912, Pulle 759 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003286], designated here, photo at E! [E00062662]; isolectotype BO! [BO-1871365]).

notes. Both the specimens of Pulle 759, the collection cited by Schlechter (1923), located have determination slips written by Schlechter, demonstrating that they were part of the original material seen by him; presumably there was a specimen kept at B also, later destroyed in WWII. The specimen at L is selected as lectotype here as it best represents the original description, with a large inflorescence and small vegetative piece; the BO specimen consists of leafless branch and a small inflorescence.

23. Cyrtandra decurrens de Vriese var. puncticulata C.B.Clarke (1883: 232); Lauterbach (1910: 328); Schlechter (1923: 366). Syntypes: Borneo, Lobb s.n. (K!); Teysmann 7987 (BO! × 2 sheets, FI image seen! [FI013141]), Teysmann 7988 (FI image seen! [FI013140]), Teysmann 8435 (FI image seen! [FI013142]), 10881 (BO!, FI image seen! [FI013143]); Korthals 48 (L image seen!); Sarawak, nr Kuching, Beccari 253 (FI image seen! [FI013144], G-DC image seen![G00493805], K! K000831563, M image seen! [M-0185747], P image seen!, S image seen! [S11-10993]); Beccari 909 (FI image seen! [FI013147]); Beccari 938 (FI image seen! [FI013146], photo at E! [E00062439]); Beccari 1070 (FI image seen! [FI013145], photo at E! [E00062437]); Papua [Indonesia, Papua Barat Province], Andai, Beccari s.n. (FI image seen! [FI008085]).

notes. When Clarke treated Cyrtandra decurrens in his monograph (Clarke 1883), he restricted the typical variety to Amboina, Sumatra and Bouru [= Buru in the Maluku Islands], a rather disjunct and wide-ranging distribution, and described three varieties. Var. β ‘wallichii’ and var. δ ‘polyneura’ are now recognised as C. wallichii (C.B.Clarke) B.L.Burtt, a Malaysian species, and C. polyneura (C.B.Clarke) B.L.Burtt, a species from Sulawesi. Var. γ ‘puncticulata’, Clarke distinguished by its young leaves that are hairy becoming glabrous as they mature with minutely punctate glands. He cited multiple specimens from Borneo and one from Papua, all given above as syntypes, some of which have since been identified as other Bornean endemic species by B. L. Burtt (Beccari 938, 1070 = C. bracheia B.L.Burtt; Beccari 253 = C. erectipila B.L.Burtt). A lectotype is not selected here because a full understanding of the taxon across its range is needed; that is beyond the scope of this synopsis. This variety is the only taxon on New Guinea that apparently has a distribution extending to the west of the island.

24. Cyrtandra detzneriana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 350). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], walde bei Albo [forests near Alibu], 500 m, Schlechter 16115 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474336], designated here; isolectotype BO! [BO-1873177], LY image seen! [LY0474335], P image seen! [P03884340] (photo at E! [E0062676])).

notes. Schlechter (1923) cited Schlechter 16115: from this gathering, duplicates have been located at BO, LY (× 2) and P. One of the specimens at LY is chosen as lectotype over the other duplicates; all have a label with ‘Cyrtandra detzneriana Schltr. n.sp.’ written by Schlechter, all are sterile, but LY0474336 specimen has more leaves still attached to the stem.

25. Cyrtandra dinocalyx G.W.Gillett (1975: 375); Clark et al. (2013: 175). Type: Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, Namatanai sub-distr., Hans Meyer range, Danfu river valley about 8 km W and upstream of the Danfu bridge nr Manga, limestone ridge c. 3 km S of the river, 900 m, 14 Feb. 1970, Sands 863 (holotype K! [K000831696]; isotypes A n.v., CANB n.v., E! [E00062703], L (not located), LAE!, UC image seen! [UC1594822]).

26. Cyrtandra disticha Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 327); Schlechter (1923: 316). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica [Indonesia, Papua Province], Resi-Gipfel [Resi Mts], 380 m, 30 Aug. 1907, Versteeg 1684 (lectotype BO!, designated here; isolectotypes K! [K000831698], L image seen! [L0003290]).

notes. Lauterbach (1910) listed two Versteeg collections in his protologue; Versteeg 1597 (located at BO, K, L, U and WRSL) and 1684 (located at BO, K and L). The specimens at K, L and U were all distributed from BO according to their labels; they do not bear any annotations in Lauterbach’s hand, neither does Versteeg 1597 at BO. Versteeg 1597 at WRSL has a label written by Lauterbach, and Versteeg 1684 at BO has a determination slip written by Lauterbach. Lauterbach’s types for his Nova Guinea publication (Lauterbach 1910) were at BO (see type designation section under Karl Lauterbach), with duplicates at B, but because the specimens we have located were distributed from BO, they could be considered part of the original material seen by Lauterbach, even though they were not annotated by him. However, we have selected the specimen Versteeg 1684 (BO) as lectotype because it has Lauterbach’s determination slip and Versteeg’s field label.

27. Cyrtandra elegans Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 329; 1926: 314). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Province] van der Sande-Rivier [van der Sande R.], 750 m, 3 Dec. 1912, Pulle 551 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003294], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1871382], L image seen! [L0003293], photo at E! [E00062647]; K! [K000831699], U image seen! [U0226571]).

notes. Of the collection cited by Schlechter (1923), Pulle 551, material has been located at BO, L (× 2 sheets), K and U. One of the specimens at L (L0003294) is chosen as lectotype as it has more flowering material.

28. Cyrtandra erectiloba G.W.Gillett (1975: 407); Clark et al. (2013: 175). Type: Solomon Islands, Bougainville, residual rain forest near summit of Arawa-Panguna highway, 975 m, 19 July 1973, Gillett 2569 (holotype K! [K001507596]; isotypes A image seen! [A00054926], BRI image seen! [BRI-AQ0342793], E! [E00062705], L [not found], LAE!, UC image seen! [UC1437817]).

notes. Although Gillett chose a specimen from Bougainville as the type for Cyrtandra erectiloba, it is also present in the Bismarck Archipelago, and the name has been applied, perhaps misapplied, to specimens from mainland Papua New Guinea.

29. Cyrtandra eriantha Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 321; 1926: 313). Type: Nova Guinea Neerlandica [Indonesia, Papua Province], Jabigebergte (Wappe), Geelvink Bai [Cenderawasih Bay], 28 May 1913, Janowsky 353 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003298], designated here [photo at E! E00062632]).

notes. The specimen of Janowsky 353 at L is the only type material located; it is selected as lectotype here.

30. Cyrtandra eriophylla S.Moore (1916: 128); Schlechter (1923: 324); van Royen (1983: 2944); Johns et al. (2006: 363). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Utakwa [Otakwa] R. to Mt Carstensz, Camps XI – XII, 8300 – 11,000 ft, Boden Kloss s.n. (holotype BM! [BM000798278]).

31. Cyrtandra exserta K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 382); Schlechter (1923: 348). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli-Gebirge [Torricelli Mts], 1000 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14485 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here). Epitype: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli-Gebirge [Torricelli Mts], 1000 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14485 [WRSL!, specimen rubbing, designated here]).

notes. Unfortunately, the only material known of this species, the type collection, Schlechter 14485, exists only as a fragment of leaf and stem at WRSL. There is also a pencil rubbing of a specimen as found for other Schumann species. As part of the original material on which Schlechter based his name, the fragment at WRSL is selected as lectotype; the specimen rubbing, which includes a sketch of a corolla with measurements, is proposed as an epitype to enable a better understanding of this species.

32. Cyrtandra externata S.Moore (1929: 50). Type: Papua [Papua New Guinea], Hohora, Vailala R., 22 Feb. 1926, Brass 1043 (holotype BM! [BM000798297]; isotypes A image seen! [A00054927], BRI image seen! [BRI-AQ0221266]).

notes. Moore’s protologue is part of an account of species based on collections by L. J. Brass that had been distributed by Wight (Moore 1929), published as part of ‘Notes from the British Museum Herbarium’. We recognise the BM specimen of the type collection, Brass 1043, as holotype here because Moore worked at the BM and is unlikely to have seen the other duplicates at A and BRI, indeed, there is no evidence on those specimens to suggest that he did.

33. Cyrtandra flexiramea Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 340; 1926: 318). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Province], auf dem Hellwig-Gebirge [Hellwig Mts], 1900 m, 19 Dec. 1912, Pulle 780 (lectotype BO! [BO-1871426], selected here; isolectotypes K! [K000831700])]; L image seen! [L0003302], (photo at E! E00062664).

notes. Of the material cited by Schlechter (1923), Pulle 780, specimens have been found at BO, K and L. Each one has a label with Schlechter’s handwriting, so we assume they were part of the original material studied by him. The specimen at BO is selected as lectotype here as it is the more taxonomically informative material with more leaves and a portion of inflorescence.

34. Cyrtandra floribunda K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 377); Schlechter (1923: 320); Gillett (1975: 376). Type: Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck-Geb. [Bismarck Range], 1200 m, Schlechter 14070 (holotype B, destroyed; lectotype WRSL!, designated here). Epitype: Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck-Geb. [Bismarck Range], 1200 m, Schlechter 14070 (specimen rubbing, WRSL!, designated here; photo at E! [E00062630]).

Cyrtandra rhynchotechoides Kaneh. & Hatus. (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943: 121). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Province], Boemi c. 40 km inward of Nabire, 300 m, 11 March 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 12765 (holotype FU).

notes. At WRSL there are some loose flowers and fruits in a capsule labelled Schlechter 14070 (the type collection) and a specimen rubbing of Schlechter 14070 with label information written by Lauterbach. Gillett (1975) cited the pencil rubbing plus loose fruiting and flowering material as an isotype, but we cannot assume that they came from the same specimen, and, as stated in the introduction, the pencil rubbing is effectively an unpublished illustration. It is better practice to select the loose material as lectotype here. The pencil rubbing is proposed as an epitype to allow a better understanding of this species.

According to Gillett (1975), Cyrtandra floribunda also occurs in New Britain, but the specimen seen from there has longer calyces than those of the type specimen. Gillett (1975) listed C. rhynchotechoides as a synonym based on updated knowledge of the range of leaf sizes: C. rhynchotechoides had been described as a new species because of its larger leaves with more lateral nerve pairs (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943).

35. Cyrtandra foliosa S.Moore (1916: 129); Schlechter (1923: 360). Type: SW New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua Province), Utakwa [Otakwa] R. to Mt Carstensz, Camp I, 400 ft, Boden Kloss s.n. (holotype BM! [BM000906239]).

36. Cyrtandra fulvovillosa Rech. (Rechinger 1912: 185); Gillett (1975: 381). Type: [Papua New Guinea], Neu Pommern [New Britain], bei Toma, Oct. 1905, Rechinger 4993 (holotype W image seen! [W1915-0010343]).

Cyrtandra malaccocaulos Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 313). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern des Kani-gebirge [forests in the Kani Mts], 700 m, 23 June 1908, Schlechter 17849 (lectotype BR image seen! BR00000517375, designated here; isolectotype P image seen! [P03555537] photo at E! E00062625).

notes. Although the focus of this checklist is New Guinea and does not include species described from the Bismarck Archipelago, Cyrtandra fulvovillosa is included here because when Gillett (1975) treated C. malaccocaulos as a synonym of C. fulvovillosa, he extended the species’ range to New Guinea.

The specimen of Schlechter 17849 at BR is selected as lectotype for Cyrtandra malaccocaulos because the inflorescence and leaves are better laid out for study; the specimen at P has more leaves but they are pressed upon one another so more difficult to examine.

37. Cyrtandra fuscovellea K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 379); Schlechter (1923: 329). Type: [Papua New Guinea], Neu-Guinea, Torricelli Gebirge [Torricelli Mts], 600 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14552 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here [photo at E! E00062649]). Fig. 1B.

notes. The only specimen of Schlechter 14552 found is in Lauterbach’s herbarium at WRSL; it is selected as lectotype here. In WRSL there is also a pencil rubbing of another specimen of Schlechter 14552, with label information written by Lauterbach.

38. Cyrtandra gjellerupii Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1912: 861); Schlechter (1923: 335). Type: Nova Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], mont. Cycloop [Cyclop Mts = Pegunungan Cycloop], c. 1800 m, 20 June 1911, Gjellerup 543 (lectotype BO! [BO-01871579], designated here; isolectotypes K! [K000831701], L image seen! [L0003305] (photo at E! E000862656), U image seen! [U0226570], WRSL! (photo at E! E00062655).

notes. Lauterbach (1912) listed Gjellerup 543 in his protologue, specimens of which have been located at BO, K, L, U and WRSL). The specimens at K, L and U were all distributed from BO according to their labels; they do not bear any annotations that are a good match for Lauterbach’s handwriting. The specimen at BO has a determination slip written by Lauterbach. Lauterbach’s types for his Nova Guinea publication (Lauterbach 1912) were at BO (see Introduction under Karl Lauterbach), with duplicates at B, but because the specimens we have located were distributed from BO, they could be considered part of the original material seen by Lauterbach, even though they were not annotated by him. However, we have selected the specimen Gjellerup 543 (BO) as lectotype because it has Lauterbach’s determination slip.

38a. Cyrtandra gjellerupii Lauterb. var. wappeensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 335; 1926: 316). Type: Nordwestl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province), Jabi-gebirgte (Wappe), sudkuste [south coast], Geelvink Bai [Cenderawasih Bay], 27 May 1913, Janowsky 338 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003306], designated here, photo at E! [E00062654]).

notes. Janowsky 338 at L is selected as lectotype here as it is the only specimen of the type gathering that has been located; it includes Janowsky’s field notes and a determination slip written in Schlechter’s hand, demonstrating that it was amongst the original material seen by him.

39. Cyrtandra gorumensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 351). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], wälder im Bismarck gebirge [Bismarck Range], 1100 m, 30 Oct. 1908, Schlechter 18533 (lectotype K! [K000831703], designated here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR000000517310], LY image seen! [LY0474346], P image seen! [P03555513], photo at E! E00062670).

notes. Of the collection cited by Schlechter (1923) as ‘typus’ in his protologue, Schlechter 18533, duplicates have been located at BR, K, LY and P. All were part of Prince Roland Bonaparte’s collection, later distributed to their current locations. We cannot be sure whether Schlechter saw these duplicates when he wrote his protologue of Cyrtandra gorumensis because we do not know when they were acquired by Bonaparte; presumably Schlechter would have based his description on the specimen at B, now destroyed, and possibly other duplicates. The specimens are each labelled ‘Cyrtandra gorumensis Schltr. n. sp.’, but in handwriting that does not seem a good match to the sample seen (van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman 1950). However, as part of the gathering cited by Schlechter, they can be considered original material (see Art. 9.4, Turland et al. 2018). The K specimen is chosen as lectotype here: it has a flower present in the capsule, so is considered more informative than the other duplicates.

40. Cyrtandra hapalantha C.B.Clarke (1883: 252); Schlechter (1923: 366). Type: Papua [Indonesia, Papua Barat Province], Ramoi, June 1872, Beccari 398 (lectotype FI image seen! [FI013155], designated here (photo at E! [E00062698]); isolectotype FI [no barcode]).

notes. Clarke cited Beccari 398 (h. propr. [= FI]) in his protologue; there are two sheets bearing this number at FI, one has a determination slip written by Clarke, and is selected as lectotype here.

41. Cyrtandra hedraiantha Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 327). Type: Deutsch-Neuguinea [Papua New Guinea], Sepikgebiet, Ledermann 9046 (lectotype K! [K000831705], designated here).

notes. The Kew specimen is selected as lectotype: it is the only material of Ledermann 9046 that has been located. Its label shows that it was distributed from B [Ex Museo botanico Berolinensi], evidence that it was part of the original material seen by Schlechter.

42. Cyrtandra heineana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 315). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck Gebirge [Bismarck Range], c. 1300 m, 2 Nov. 1908, Schlechter 18628 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474353], designated here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR000000517374], K! [K000831706], LY image seen! [LY0474352], P image seen! [P03555504]).

notes. Schlechter (1923) listed four collections in his protologue [Ledermann 9000; Schlechter 17606, 18219, 18628]; material of the three Schlechter gatherings, has been located (17606 and 18628 at BR, LY and P; 18,219 at LY). One of the duplicates of Schlechter 18628 at LY [LY0474353] is selected as lectotype as it has flowering and fruiting material.

43. Cyrtandra hellwigii Warb. (Warburg 1892: 27); Schlechter (1923: 364). Type: NE New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Finisterregebirge [Finisterre Range], 2300 m, 14 Oct. 1888, Hellwig 321 (not located, B specimen destroyed). Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern bei Meireka [in the forests near Meireka], Finisterre-Gebirge [Finisterre Range], 800 m, 11 July 1908, Schlechter 17938 (neotype, LY image seen! [LY0474357] designated here; isoneotypes K! [K001515563], LY image seen! [LY0474356], P image seen! P03555503).

notes. Schlechter (1923) referred to this species as ‘finisterrae’ in his identification key although it is included in the account as Cyrtandra hellwigii.

The specimen cited by Warburg (1892), Hellwig 321, is apparently lost, presumably destroyed in the fires at B in WWII: Warburg was based there in 1891 prior to the publication of this species in 1892 (Stafleu et al., accessed online 2022). No duplicate has been found at BO where Hellwig material from other genera has been seen (e.g. Saurauia, M. Briggs, pers. comm.). At WRSL there is a pencil specimen rubbing of Hellwig 321 with label information written by Lauterbach; this could be an unpublished illustration of the B Hellwig 321 specimen, but, of this, we cannot be certain. We propose Schlechter 17938 [LY0474357] as a neotype given Schlechter’s comments on its similarity with the type and its similar collecting locality; one of the specimens at LY is chosen over the other duplicates located because has several flowers attached to the stem.

44. Cyrtandra hirta Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 329; 1926: 314). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica [Indonesia, Papua Province], Tor-rivier [Tor river], 15 Oct. 1911, Gjellerup 756 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003308], designated here (photo at E! [E00062648]); isolectotypes BO! (sheet number BO-1871032), K! [K000831708], U image seen! barcode U0226568).

notes. From the syntypes Gjellerup 756 (located at BO, K, L, U) and 921 (located at BO, L) cited by Schlechter (1923). The L duplicate of Gjellerup 756 is chosen as lectotype; it is an intact stem and has several flowers (the Gjellerup 921 specimens consist of detached leaves and stems).

45. Cyrtandra homoplastica S.Moore (1916: 131); Schlechter (1923: 331). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Utakwa [Otakwa] River to Mt Carstensz, Camps VIII – IX, 4989 – 5874 ft, 8 – 9 Jan. 1913, Boden Kloss s.n. (holotype BM! [BM000997670]).

46. Cyrtandra jabiensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 331; 1926: 315). Type: Neu Guinea neerlandica [Indonesia, Papua Province], Jabigebirge (Wappe), Geelvink bai [Cenderawasih Bay], 25 May 1913, Janowsky 345 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003244], designated here, photo at E! [E00062650]).

notes. The duplicate of Janowsky 345 at L is the only specimen of the type gathering that has been located; it has a determination slip written by Schlechter, evidence that it was part of the original material seen by him and is selected as lectotype here.

47. Cyrtandra jadunae Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 324). Type: In den Waldern auf den Bergen bei Jaduna (Waria-Gebiet), 300 m, Schlechter 19331 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474363], designated here).

notes. The duplicate of Schlechter 19331 (LY) is the only specimen of the type gathering that has been located and is designated as lectotype here.

48. Cyrtandra janowskyi Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 316; 1926: 312); Kanehira & Hatusima (1943: 118). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica septemtrionalis [Indonesia, Papua Province], in monte Jabi, 27 May 1913, Janowsky 331 (lectotype BO! [BO-1877485], designated here; isolectotype L image seen! [L0003245], photo at E! [E00062627]).

notes. The duplicate of Janowsky 331 at BO is chosen as lectotype; it has leaves still attached to the stem and bears Janowsky’s collecting label, which has details such as ‘bloem wit = white flower’, that Schlechter (1923) lists in is protologue.

49. Cyrtandra kalyptantha Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 330); Schlechter (1923: 317). Type: Sud-westl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Resitop, 900 m, 30 Aug. 1907, Versteeg 1677 (lectotype BO! [BO-1873186], designated here; isotype WRSL!, photo at E! [E00062629]).

notes. Of the gathering cited by Lauterbach (1910), Versteeg 1677, duplicates have been located at BO and WRSL. The specimen at BO is selected as lectotype because it is more intact than the specimen at WRSL, which consists of a single leaf; the BO specimen also bears Lauterbach’s determination slip and Versteeg’s field label.

50. Cyrtandra kaniensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 325). Type: [Papua New Guinea], In den nebelwaldern duf dem Kani-Gebirge, [cloud forests in the Kani Mts], c. 1000 m, Feb. 1908, Schlechter 17288 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003246], designated here, photo at E! [E00662635]; isolectotypes A image seen! [A00054947], BO! sheet number BO-1871013, E! [E00062636], K! [K000831709], LY image seen! [LY0474366], LY image seen! [LY0474365], LY image seen! [LY0474364], NY image seen! [NY00312662], P image seen! [P03555569], S image seen! [S11-11047]).

notes. Rarely, several specimens of the type gathering exist, although none bear annotation by Schlechter: the specimen at L is selected as lectotype as it has the most flowering material and is therefore most representative of the protologue, which includes a full description of floral characters.

51. Cyrtandra kenivensis P.Royen (1983: 2949). Type: Papua New Guinea, Northern distr., subdistr. Kokoda, W slopes of Mt Kenive (Nisbet), 9°10'S 147°45'E, 3000 m, 26 July 1974, Croft et al., LAE65053 (holotype K! [K000831710]; isotype E! [E00062709], L image seen! [L0003249], LAE!).

52. Cyrtandra klossii S.Moore (1916: 131); Schlechter (1923: 366). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Utakwa [Otakwa] river to Mt Carstensz, Camp IVb, 1280 m [4200ft], 2 Feb. 1913, Boden Kloss s.n. (holotype BM! [BM000997716]).

notes. In his protologue, Moore (1916) cited Kloss’s specimen from Camp Vib at 3900ft. The only material found in the collections at BM was collected at 4200ft. The same collecting details are given for the type material cited for var. heptantha S.Moore.

52a. Cyrtandra klossii S.Moore var. heptantha S.Moore (1916: 131); Schlechter (1923: 366). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua], Utakwa river to Mt Carstensz, Camp IVb, 1280 m [4200 ft], 2 Feb. 1913, Boden Kloss s.n. (lectotype BM! [BM000997714], designated here; isolectotype K! [K000831711]).

notes. There are specimens at BM and K matching the details given by Moore (1916), determined as Cyrtandra klossii var. heptantha. Of these, the specimen at BM is considered more taxonomically informative and is, therefore, selected as lectotype: it has two portions of stem, more leaves and flowering/fruiting material in the capsule compared to the K specimen.

53. Cyrtandra laciniata G.W.Gillett (1975: 388); Clark et al. (2013: 177). Type: Papua New Guinea, New Britain, gorge below Yau Yau village, 20 km SE of Salelubu, in Nakanai range, along the Waisalau-Yau Yau track, 700 m, 5 July 1973, Gillett 2559 (holotype K! [K000831712]; isotype A image seen! [A00054948], BRI image seen! [BRI-AQ0342805], E! [E00062710], LAE!, UC image seen! [UC1437818]).

54. Cyrtandra lanceolifera S.Moore (1916: 129); Schlechter (1923: 359). Type: SW New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Utakwa [Otakwa] river to Mt Carstensz, Camp III, 774 m [2538ft], Boden Kloss s.n. (lectotype BM! [BM000997711], designated here, isolectotype K! [K000831713]).

notes. The Boden Kloss specimen at the BM is selected as lectotype here, with several detached leaves, a portion of stem with leaves attached and some loose flowers, it is more taxonomically informative than the specimen at K which consists of one leaf and loose flowers only.

55. Cyrtandra lasiantha K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 379). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli-gebirge [Torricelli Mts], 1000 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14344 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here (pencil rubbing), photo at E! [E00062631]).

notes. Of the original material listed by Schumann (1905), Schlechter 14344, no physical specimen has been located. At WRSL there is a pencil rubbing of Schlechter 14344 with label information written by Lauterbach. Although this is effectively an unpublished illustration (see type designation section under Karl Schumann), it is the only visual reference of the type, and is selected as lectotype.

56. Cyrtandra lasiogyne Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 322). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den waldern des Finisterre Gebirge [Finisterre Range], 15 July 1908, Schlechter 17986 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474368], designated here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR0000005196876]; K! [K000831714], LY image seen! [LY0474367], P image seen! [P03555563]).

notes. One of the LY specimens [LY0474368] of the type gathering is selected as lectotype because it has several flowers and therefore best represents Schlechter’s original description and notes; the K specimen has one flower, and the other LY and BR specimens are sterile.

57. Cyrtandra ligulifera C.B.Clarke (1883: 252); Schlechter (1923: 361). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Barat Province], Arfak mountains by Putat, Beccari 884 (lectotype FI image seen! [FI013158], designated by Burtt (1990: 221) (photo E! [E00062691]).

58. Cyrtandra lorentzii Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 326); Schlechter (1923: 348). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica meridionalis, [Indonesia, Papua Province], overkant van Sabang [across from Sabang], 25 June 1907, Versteeg 1306 (lectotype BO! [BO-1877488], designated here; isolectotypes K! [K000831716], L image seen! (photo at E [E00062672] but not located at L), WRSL! (photo at E [E00062673]).

notes. Lauterbach (1910) listed Versteeg 1306 in his protologue. Duplicates of this gathering have been found at BO, K, L and WRSL. Of these, the BO specimen is selected as lectotype; it has a determination slip written by Lauterbach, loose flowering material and several intact leaves attached to the stem of slightly better quality than the other duplicates located.

Schlechter (1923) erroneously cited Versteeg 326 rather than 1306 as type.

59. Cyrtandra lutescens G.W.Gillett (1975: 386); Clark et al. (2013: 177). Type: Papua New Guinea, New Britain, Mt Bango, 5°34'S 150°31'E, 900 ft, 19 May 1968, Henty & Lelean NGF29451 (holotype E! [E00062711]; isotype LAE!).

60. Cyrtandra macrobracteata Kaneh. & Hatus. (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943: 118). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Waren, 600 m, 26 March 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 13122 (lectotype FU image seen!, designated here; isolectotype FU image seen!).

notes. Two sheets of the type gathering are present at FU, one with, and one without a label, both with small tags attached to the plant with the collection number 13122. Although these are part of the same gathering, they are not clearly labelled as being the same specimen, so they are treated are duplicates, the specimen with the label designated as lectotype here.

61. Cyrtandra melinocalyx Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 361; 1926: 321). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica septemtrionalis, [Indonesia, Papua Province], Jabigebirge (Wappe), south coast Geelvink-bai [Cenderawasih Bay], 8 June 1913, Janowsky 414 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003253], designated here; photo at E! [E00062690]).

notes. The specimen of Janowsky 414 at L is selected as lectotype here; to our knowledge it is the only surviving material originally cited by Schlechter.

62. Cyrtandra minjemensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 348); Atkins et al. (2019: 29). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Bergwälder von Albo [Alibu], c. 500 m, 1 Aug. 1907, Schlechter 16342 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474264], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1873179], LY image seen! [LY0474263], LY image seen! [LY0474265], P image seen! [P03555528]).

notes. The specimen of Schlechter 16342 at LY is chosen as lectotype over the specimens at BO, P and two others at LY; all are sterile, but the LY specimen selected consists of a larger portion of stem with multiple leaves attached.

63. Cyrtandra monticola K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 381); Schlechter (1923: 355). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck Gebirge [Bismarch Range], 1500 m, Jan. 1902, Schlechter 13991 (holotype B, destroyed). Neotype, designated here: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den Nebelwaldern des Kani-Gebirges [cloud forests in the Kani Mountains], c. 1000 m, Jan. 1908, Schlechter 17115 (LY image seen! [LY0474269]; isoneotypes BO!, LY image seen! [LY0474270], LY image seen! [LY0474271], P image seen! [P03555525]).

Non C. monticola Gillespie (1930: 23).

notes. Schlechter 13991, the type gathering cited by Schumann (1905) has not been located (Schumann’s types from this publication were at B, see introduction). Schlechter (1923) cited a second collection, Schlechter 17115, commenting on the poor quality of the type listed by Schumann. Duplicates of Schlechter 17115 have been located at BO, LY (× 3) and P. One of the specimens at LY (LY0474269) is selected as neotype here on the basis that Schlechter had seen the material cited by Schumann as well as material from this gathering; LY0474269 is chosen over the other duplicates located because it has flowers attached to the stem and more leaves than the others.

The name Cyrtandra monticola was used illegitimately by Gillespie (1930) for a species from the Fijian Islands and later given the new name C. gillespieana A.C.Sm. (Smith 1936: 134). It is now recognised as C. involucrata Seem. (Smith 1991: 105).

64. Cyrtandra nabirensis Kaneh. & Hatus. (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943: 122). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Province], Papaya, 25 km inward of Nabire, c. 200 m, 27 Feb. 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 11684 (holotype FU image seen!).

notes. Only the Kanehira & Hatusima type material (K&H 11684) at FU has been located (duplicates of some of their other collections have been found at BO), so it is recognised as the holotype here. FU also houses Kanehira & Hatusima 11731, cited in the protologue.

65. Cyrtandra nodulosa Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 338). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], an offenen, felsigen Abhangen auf dem Finisterre-Gebirge [on open, rocky slopes on the Finisterre Range], 1200 m, Sept. 1908, Schlechter 18206 (lectotype K! [K000831717], designated here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR000000517376]; LY image seen! [LY0474272], LY image seen! [LY0474273], P image seen! [P03555521] (image of P03555521 at E! [E00062661]).

notes. The Kew specimen of Schlechter 18206 is selected as lectotype here; abnormally for Cyrtandra all the specimens of the type gathering include fertile material and represent Schlechter’s original description, but the Kew specimen has loose material available for closer examination.

66. Cyrtandra phaeotricha Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 339; 1926: 317). Type: Sudwestl. Neu-Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], auf dem Perameles-bivouac, c. 1100 m, Nov. 1912, Pulle 465 (lectotype BO! sheet number BO-1877493, designated here; isolectotype K! [K000831718], L image seen! L0003262 (image of L0003262 at E! [E00062663]).

notes. The BO specimen of Pulle 465, the gathering cited by Schlechter (1923), is selected as lectotype here as it has flower buds with calyces clearly visible, perhaps contradicting Schlechter’s (1923) notes on lack of flowering material to examine, although he perhaps meant mature flowers; the specimen has a determination slip written by Schlechter, which suggests he did study it.

Schlechter (1923: 371) described a species of Cyrtandropsis with the same epithet: because of informal comments by Burtt (1936) and Gillett (1975) on the likely synonymy of Cyrtandropsis with Cyrtandra, this has caused confusion in herbaria with material of both species mixed in the same folder, and type specimens muddled (e.g. JSTOR Global Plants).

67. Cyrtandra pilostila K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 378). Type: Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck-Gebirge [Bismarck Range], 1200 m, Schlechter 14068 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here (photo at E! [E00062633]).

notes. One specimen of the type collection, Schlechter 14068, has been located at WRSL; it is selected as lectotype here.

68. Cyrtandra pulleana Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1912: 863); Schlechter (1923: 316). Type: Niederlandische Neu-Guinea [Indonesia, Papua], Mont. Cycloop [Cyclop Mts = Pegunungan Cycloop], c. 1000 m, 17 June 1911, Gjellerup 490 (lectotype BO! sheet number BO-1877496, designated here; isolectotypes K! [K000831719], L image seen! [L0003268], WRSL!). Fig. 1F.

notes. While Lauterbach (1912) cited Gjellerup 490 as his exemplar specimen, Schlechter (1923) mistakenly listed Pulle 490. Specimens of Gjellerup 490 have been located at BO, K, L and WRSL; the BO duplicate is selected as lectotype here because it has a determination slip written by Lauterbach and Gjellerup’s field label.

69. Cyrtandra quercifolia S.Moore (1916: 130); Schlechter (1923: 331). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua], Utakwa river to Mt Carstensz, camps viii to ix, 4989 – 5874 ft, 7 – 8 Feb. 1913, Boden Kloss s.n. (lectotype BM! [BM000997702], designated here; isolectotypes BM! [BM000997703], K! [K0008317230]).

notes. The more informative BM specimen is selected as lectotype here, consisting of two branching stems with leaves and a flower attached; the second specimen at BM consists of a pair of leaves and three loose flowers; the K specimen is a smaller piece of stem, nine detached leaves and loose flowers.

70. Cyrtandra roemeri Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1912: 860); Schlechter (1923: 360). Type: Sudwest Neu Guinea, [Indonesia, Papua Province], Vorgebirge des Hellwig-Gebirges [Hellwig Mts], c. 1300 m, Nov. 1909, von Roemer 1017 (lectotype BO! [sheet number BO-1871576], designated here; isolectotypes L (photo at E! [E00062686] and K!, but physical specimen not located], WRSL! (photo at E! [E00062687])).

notes. Specimens of the gathering cited by Lauterbach (1912), von Roemer 1017, have been located at BO and WRSL. Copies of a photograph of von Roemer 1017 marked as belonging to L are at E and K, but the physical specimen has not been located. The BO specimen is selected as lectotype here, it has a determination slip written by Lauterbach and several leaves and loose flowers in the capsule; the WRSL specimen has only one leaf and inflorescence fragments.

71. Cyrtandra sagetorum Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 358). — Cyrtandra ligulifera C.B.Clarke var. glabrescens Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 330). — Type: Indonesia, Papua, [Sudwestl. Neu Guinea], Im Sagosumpf bei van Weelskamp, am Noord-Rivier [Lorentz R.], 30 May 1907, Versteeg 1158 (lectotype K! [K000831721]; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1871019], BO! [BO-1871018], L image seen! [L0003251], U image seen! [U0226556], WRSL! (photo at E! [E00062684], designated here)).

notes. Lauterbach (1910) cited Versteeg 1158 in his protologue of Cyrtandra ligulifera var. glabrescens, Schlechter (1923) later raised Lauterbach’s variety to species level, based on the same specimen. Specimens of this gathering have been located at BO (× 2), K, L and WRSL; the WRSL specimen has a label written by Lauterbach, the others have labels showing they were distributed from BO, one of the BO specimens has Versteeg’s field label. The specimen at K is selected as lectotype: with flowers and several intact leaves it is considered to be the best representation of Lauterbach’s description.

72. Cyrtandra saniensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 359; 1926: 320). Type: Nova Guinea neerlandica [Indonesia, Papua], Im Urwalde bei Sawia, im Humus, c. 100 m, 22 Aug. 1911, Gjellerup 622 (lectotype BO! [BO-1877499], designated here; isolectotype L! [L0003196]).

notes. The BO specimen of Gjellerup 622 is selected as lectotype here as it has flowers and more information on Gjellerup’s collecting note compared to the specimen at L.

73. Cyrtandra schlechteri Bramley, nom. nov.

https://www.ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77328196-1

Cyrtandra glabrata Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 362), nom. illeg. non Cyrtandra glabrata Sol. ex C.B.Clarke (1883: 277). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Kanigebirge [Kani Mts], 1000 m, 21st May 1908, Schlechter 17747 (lectotype K! [K000831702], designated here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR0000005173082], LY image seen! [LY0474342], LY image seen! [LY0474343], P image seen! [P03555515]).

notes. Cyrtandra glabrata Schltr. was published illegitimately because it is a later homonym of Cyrtandra glabrata Sol. ex C.B.Clarke from Tahiti (now recognised as a synonym of C. taitensis O.Rich ex A.Gray). A new name, C. schlechteri, is proposed here to legitimise the species. The name has been chosen in recognition of the contribution of Schlechter to taxonomic studies on Cyrtandra, through his research and his collections.

Of the collection cited by Schlechter (1923) in his protologue, Schlechter 17747, duplicates have been located at BR, K, LY (× 2) and P). The K specimen is chosen as lectotype here: it has more informative flowering material than the specimens at BR, LY or P.

74. Cyrtandra schraderi K.Schum. (Schumann 1887: 217); Schlechter (1923: 360). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Finschhafen, Hollrung 214 (lectotype BO!, designated here; isolectotype K! [K000831722]).

notes. The BO duplicate is the more complete specimen and more representative of Schumann’s original description (Schumann 1905), so is selected as lectotype here.

75. Cyrtandra schultzei Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 329, Fig. 8 A – E, p. 330). Type: Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Sepik Gebirge, Ledermann 12775 (lectotype B! [B100277722], designated here).

notes. With his protologue, Schlechter (1923) cites two collections, Ledermann 12775 and Schultze 68, presumably naming the species after Dr Leonhard Schultze Jena, one of the type collectors, a zoologist-geographer who was part of the Reichskolonialamt expedition to the German-Dutch New Guinea border (van Steenis & van Steenis-Kruseman 1950). Whilst the Ledermann collection has been located at B, the Schultze specimen appears to be missing; on this basis we select Ledermann 12775 as lectotype here; Schlechter (1923) also notes that the Ledermann specimen should be regarded as the type of the species, even though it is flower-less. An illustration in Schlechter (1923: 330) shows the inflorescence characters.

76. Cyrtandra schumanniana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 352, Fig. 9 D – F, p. 334). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern des Kani-gebirge, c. 500 m, 3 Oct. 1907, Schlechter 16628 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474285], designated here; isolectotype P [P03884376]).

notes. Schlechter (1923) cited several specimens in his protologue but labelled Schlechter 16628 ‘typus’. Two specimens of Schlechter 16628 have been located, one at LY, the other at P. Both specimens consist of portions of plant with attached leaves and flowers. The LY specimen is selected as lectotype here; it is in a slightly better condition than the specimen at P, making it easier to observe the floral characters in Schlechter’s description.

77. Cyrtandra sepikana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 358). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Sepik, Ledermann 6811 (lectotype K! [K000831723], designated here).

notes. Schlechter listed two collections: Ledermann 6811 and 11537. From these syntypes Ledermann 11537 has not been located, so we select Ledermann 6811 (K) as lectotype; presumably, the material at B that would certainly have been seen by Schlechter was destroyed in the WWII fires.

78. Cyrtandra sororia Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 356; 1926: 319). Type: Indonesia, Papua, sudkuste, Geelvink-Bai, im walde auf dem Jabi-Gebirge, 25 May 1913, Janowsky 304 (lectotype BO! [BO-1877503], designated here; isolectotype L (physical specimen not located), photo at E! [E00062682]).

Cyrtandra monticola sensu Lauterb., auct. non. K. Schum. (Lauterbach 1910: 329).

notes. The specimen of Janowsky 304, the gathering cited by Schlechter (1923), at BO is selected as lectotype; at E, there is photograph of a specimen marked as belonging to L, but the physical specimen has not been located (R. Bijmoer, pers. comm). Unfortunately, both specimens are lacking in much informative material, each consisting of a leaf, short piece of stem and flower bud only.

79. Cyrtandra suberosa Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 329); Schlechter (1923: 355). Type: Niederl. Neu-Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], an dem Noord-Fluss [Lorentz R.], Binnenkamp, 250 m, 18 Sept. 1907, Versteeg 1625 (lectotype BO! [BO-1877504], designated here; isolectotypes K! [K000831725], L image seen! [L0003203], U image seen![U0226563], WRSL! photo at E! [E00062679]).

notes. Of the specimens found of Versteeg 1625, the gathering cited by Lauterbach (1910), we select the BO specimen as lectotype. It has a determination slip written by Lauterbach, as well as Versteeg’s field label.

80. Cyrtandra tarsodes B.L.Burtt (1971: 38); van Royen (1983: 2942). Type: Papua New Guinea, Finisterre Mts, Madang Distr., Saidor Sub-distr., Naho-Rawa Div., Sewe, 8000 ft, 5 Nov. 1964, Sayers NGF21351 (holotype E! [E00062718]; isotypes BM! [BM000630859], CANB?, LAE!).

notes. Burtt (1971) lists an isotype at CANB but it hasn’t been located in the collections there (B. Lepschi, Curator at CANB, pers. comm.).

81. Cyrtandra terrae-guilelmi K.Schum. (Schumann 1887: 217); Schlechter (1923: 351); Clark et al. (2013: 179). Type: Kaiser Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Sattelberg bei Finschhafen, ?July 1886, Hollrung 203 (lectotype WRSL!, designated here (photo at K); isolectotypes K! [K000831726], K! [K000831727]).

notes. The Hollrung 203 specimen at WRSL is selected as lectotype here; the Kew specimens consist of small pieces of twig with some leaves and two flowers (K000831726), and two small leaves with a detached flower (K000831727) and are not as representative of the original description.

82. Cyrtandra trachycaulis K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 380); Schlechter (1923: 356). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli-Gebirge [Torricelli Range], 900 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14411 (lectotype BM! [BM000630853], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [sheet number BO-1877509], K! [K000831728], WRSL!).

notes. The BM specimen of Schlechter 14411 is selected as lectotype here because it has superior flowering material and therefore best represents Schumann’s original description. At WRSL there is also a pencil rubbing of a specimen of Schlechter 14411 with label information written by Lauterbach and a pencil sketch of a dissected corolla with measurements.

83. Cyrtandra treubiana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 340; 1926: 318). Type: Sudwestl. Neu-Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province]: auf den Nordhangen des Treub-Gebirges [Penunungan Treub = Treub Mts], 2300 m, Feb. 1912, Pulle 1083 (lectotype K! [K000831729], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1877510], L image seen! [L0003204]; U image seen! [U0226564], photos at E! [E00062665, E00062666] are of two Leiden sheets without barcode, not L0003204].

notes. The Kew specimen of Pulle 1083 has a small section of inflorescence axis, so it is selected as lectotype (Schlecter’s protologue refers to the long and slender inflorescence axes); the others appear to be sterile. At E there are photos of two specimens of Pulle 1083 marked as belonging to L, but the physical specimens have not been found.

84. Cyrtandra valviloba G.W.Gillett (1975: 384); Clark et al. (2013: 179). Type: Papua New Guinea, New Britain, West New Britain distr., Hoskins sub-distr., NNE slope Mt Ulawon, 5°2'S 151°22'E, 1300 ft, 20 Feb. 1971, Lelean & Stevens LAE51236 (holotype K! [K000831730]; isotypes BRI image seen! [BRI-AQ0221763], LAE!).

85. Cyrtandra versteegii Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 329); Schlechter (1923: 364). Type: Niederl. Neu-Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], an dem Noord-Fluss [Lorentz R.] bei Alkmaar, 18 Sept. 1907, Versteeg 1736 (lectotype BO! [BO-1877512], designated here; isolectotypes BO! sheet number BO-1877513, K! [K000831731], L image seen! [L0003207] photo at E! [E00062695], U! [U0226560]; WRSL! photo at E! [E00062696]).

notes. Of the specimens found of Versteeg 1736 (BO × 2, K, L, U, WRSL), the gathering cited by Lauterbach (1910), we select one of the BO specimens as lectotype. It has a determination slip written by Lauterbach, as well as Versteeg’s field label.

86. Cyrtandra virescens Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 364). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern am oberen Djamu [in the forests above Djamu], c. 350 m, April 1908, Schlechter 17612 (lectotype BR barcode BR0000005173433, selected here; isolectotypes K barcode K000831732; LY image seen! [LY0474293], LY image seen! [LY0474294], P image seen! [P03899656]). LY0474295 flowers.

notes. Schlechter (1923) cited Schlechter 17612; of this gathering, specimens have been located at BR, K, LY (× 3) and P. The BR specimen is chosen as lectotype here, with several leaves and a loose portion of inflorescence: it represents the original description more effectively than the other duplicates.

87. Cyrtandra vittata Bramley & H.J.Atkins (in Atkins et al. 2019: 29). Type: Papua New Guinea, Huon Peninsula, Cromwell Mts, 22 Oct. 2006, de Kok 1156 (holotype K!; isotype LAE). Fig. 1C.

88. Cyrtandra wariana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 360); Gillett (1975: 405). Type: [Papua New Guinea], in den Waldern bei Udu [in the forests near Udu], c. 300 m, March 1908, Schlechter 17448 (lectotype LY image seen! [LY0474297], designated here; isolectotypes BO! [BO-1873180], LY image seen! [LY0474296], P image seen! [P03899651] photo at E! [E00062688]), WRSL (not located)).

notes. One of the specimens at LY is selected as lectotype; the arrangement of the leaves and flowers that remain attached to the stem make it most representative of the original description. No specimen has been found at WRSL (Gillett 1975, records one as present).

89. Cyrtandra wentiana Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 328); Schlechter (1923: 344). Type: Niederl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], NoordFluss [Lorentz R.], Geitenkamp, 11 July 1907, Versteeg 1414 (lectotype WRSL! photo at E! [E00062668], selected here; isolectotypes BO! sheet number BO-1877517, K! [K000831733], U image seen! [U0252441]).

notes. The specimen of Versteeg 1414, the gathering cited by Lauterbach (1910), in Lauterbach’s herbarium at WRSL is selected as lectotype here as it has several flowers and leaves (it consists of one mounted sheet and an unmounted leaf considered to be part of the same specimen) and we consider it to be the best representative of the original description.

90. Cyrtandra wichmanniana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 364; 1926: 322). Type: Sudwestl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], in mont. Hellwig [Hellwig Mts], 1750 m, Dec. 1912, Pulle 657 (lectotype L image seen! [L0003209], designated here).

notes. The specimen at L is to our knowledge the only existing duplicate of the type gathering; it is selected as the lectotype here.

91. Cyrtandra wilhelmensis P.Royen (1983: 2955). Type: [Papua] New Guinea, Eastern Highlands distr., Mt Wilhelm, E slopes, 2650 m, 17 July 1959, Brass 30579 (holotype CANB! [CANB101813.1];; isotypes K! [K000831734], L image seen! [L0003210], LAE!, US image seen! [US00081156]).

notes. Three of the specimens cited by van Royen, the holotype, Sayers & Millar NGF19919 and Wade & McVean ANU7510, were recognised as Cyrtandra sp. 4 in Johns & Stevens (1974: 26).

92. Cyrtandra wollastonii S.Moore (1916: 128); Schlechter (1923: 329). Type: [Indonesia, Papua Province], Utakwa [Otakwa] R. to Mt Carstensz, camps iii – viii, 2538 – 4989 ft, 3 – 8 ?Dec. 1912, Kloss s.n. (holotype BM! [BM000997699]).

New Guinea Cyrtandra Names of Uncertain Status

Cyrtandra amplifolia Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 342). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im dichten Hohenwalde auf dem Etappenberg (Sepik-Gebiet), 850 m, Oct. 1912, Ledermann 9526 (B, destroyed). Paratype: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in lichtem felsigem Urwald auf der Hunsteinspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), 700 m, Aug. 1912, Ledermann 8393 (B, destroyed).

notes. Unfortunately, material of Ledermann 9526, the type gathering, has not been located, presumably the specimen seen by Schlechter was destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Schlechter (1923) cited a further Ledermann collection (8393) in his protologue but this cannot be located either, probably lost at the same time as Ledermann 9526. In the absence of any material seen by Schlechter, it is difficult to apply this species name with any confidence. Until material matching the species description is found from the Sepik area that could be selected as a neotype, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra begonioides Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 336). Type: [Papua New Guinea], Im Gebirgswalde auf dem Schraderberg (Sepik-Gebiet), 2070 m, June 1913, Ledermann 12220 (B, destroyed).

notes. Unfortunately, material of Ledermann 12220, the type gathering, has not been located, presumably the specimen seen by Schlechter was destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Until material matching the species description is found to be selected as neotype, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra behrmanniana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 349). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Im Gebirgswalde auf der Felsspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), 1400 – 1500 m, Aug. 1913, Ledermann 12613 (B, destroyed).

notes. Unfortunately, Ledermann 12613 is another of the collections that cannot be located, most likely destroyed in the fires at B in WWII. Its flowers are recorded by Ledermann as sulfur yellow with blood red stripes; if material matching this description is collected from the Sepik area, a neotype could be suggested for Cyrtandra behrmanniana; until then, it is considered incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra buergersiana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 361). Syntypes: NE New Guinea [Papua New Guinea]: Im Gebirgswalde ber der Felsspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), 1400 – 1500 m, Aug. 1913, Ledermann 12702, 12821 (B, destroyed).

notes. Neither of the Ledermann collections cited by Schlechter (1923) have been located; presumably they were destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Until material matching the species description is found that can be selected as a neotype, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra dolichocalyx Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 344). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im lichten Urwald an einem Abhange am Rosensee (Sepik-Gebiet), 150 m, Feb. 1913, Ledermann 10907 (B, destroyed).

notes. As is the case for several of Schlechter’s species, material of the type gathering, in this case Ledermann 10907, has not been located, presumably the specimen seen by Schlechter was destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Schlechter (1923) did not cite any further collections, although he did comment that its strikingly large (4.3 cm) calyx sets it apart from other species, including Cyrtandra wentiana Lauterb., which he remarked was closest to it. In the absence of any material seen by Schlechter, it is difficult to apply this species name with any confidence. Until material matching the species description is found from the Sepik area that could be selected as neotype, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra elata Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 345). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im lichten, felsigen urwald am quellenlanger, auf der Hunsteinspitze (Sepik-gebiet), 700 m, Aug. 1912, Ledermann 8322 (B, destroyed).

notes. Yet another of Schlechter’s species for which the type material must be assumed to be lost. Schlechter (1923) also cited Ledermann 8605a, but this is also unlocated, and would not be a good candidate for a type because Schlechter was unsure of its fit with Cyrtandra elata: he noted that it was sterile, had larger leaves and different indumentum (hairs denser and somewhat shorter). Cyrtandra elata will be considered as incertae sedis until material from the type locality matching the description is found.

Cyrtandra hispidissima Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 356). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im lichten felsigen Urwalde auf den Hunsteinspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), c. 700 m, Aug. 1912, Ledermann 8308 (B, destroyed).

notes. This name is based on Ledermann 8308 only; no duplicates of it have been located, and it is presumed to have been destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Unfortunately, in the absence of any extant material seen by Schlechter, it is challenging to apply this species name. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra ledermannii Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 320). Syntypes: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im dichten Hohenwalde auf dem Etappenberge (Sepik-Gebiet), c. 850 m, Oct. 1912, Ledermann 9196, 9448a (B destroyed).

notes. Neither of the Ledermann collections cited by Schlechter (1923) have been located, presumably lost in the WWII fires at B. Cyrtandra ledermannii is considered incertae sedis in the absence of any original material.

Cyrtandra lithophila Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 363). Type: NE New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im Gebirgswalde, auf schroffem, felsingem Gelande, an der Felsspitze, 1400 – 1500 m, Aug. 1913, Ledermann 12784 (B destroyed).

notes. We have only located a black and white photograph of the type specimen (E00062694) but it is difficult to see any characters clearly; the physical specimen appears to be missing from L despite a search by Curatorial staff (R. Bijmoer, pers. comm.). Until type material is located, this name is considered incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra megalocalyx Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 323). Syntypes: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im Gebirgswalde auf der Felsspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), 1400 – 1500 m, Aug. 1913, Ledermann 12700, 12888a (B destroyed).

notes. Neither of the two Ledermann specimens cited by Schlechter (1923) in his protologue has been located. In the absence of any material seen by Schlechter, it is difficult to apply this species name so it is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra montigena Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 325). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im Gebirgswalde auf dem Schraderberg (Sepik-Gebiet), 2070 m, Aug. 1913, Ledermann 12099 (B destroyed).

notes. As with so many of the species based on Ledermann collections, the type material has not been located, so the name is considered incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra phaeodictyon Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 319). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in den Nebelwaldern des Bismarck-Gebirges, c. 2000 m, Nov. 1908, Schlechter 18851 (B destroyed).

notes. This is a further example of a species name that will be considered incertae sedis in the absence of any extant original material.

Cyrtandra rhabdothamnos Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 318). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Strauch im dichten feuchten Urwald an den Berghangen bei Lager 18 am Aprilfluss (Sepik-Gebiet), 200 – 400 m, Nov. 1912, Ledermann 9707 (B, destroyed).

notes. In the absence of any material cited by Schlechter, the only record of this species is Schlechter’s description. We are listing it as incertae sedis until material matching its description is re-collected from the type locality.

Cyrtandra rhizantha Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 339), nom. illeg. non Cyrtandra rhizantha Kraenzl. (Kraenzlin 1906: 277). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], auf dem Schraderberg (Sepik-Gebiet), 2070m, May 1913, Ledermann 11824a (B destroyed).

notes. Schlechter (1923) used the name Cyrtandra rhizantha which had already been published by Kraenzlin (1906) for a Sulawesi species. Unfortunately, the collection cited by Schlechter as type cannot be located. This taxon needs a new name, but without being able to understand to what the name refers because of the absence of any herbarium material, it is presently considered incertae sedis.

Cyrtandra saxicola Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 322). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], auf einem Felsen im lichten Urwalde be idem Quallenlager an der Hunsteinspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), c. 800 m, Aug. 1912, Ledermann 8328 (B, destroyed).

notes. Ledermann 8328 has not been located, presumably destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Cyrtandra saxicola is considered incertae sedis in the absence of any material cited in the protologue.

Cyrtandra stolleana Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 346). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Am Aprilfluss (Sepik-Gebiet), im Alluvialwald auf dem Flussdamm, 40 – 100 m, Sept. 1912, Ledermann 8760 (B, destroyed).

notes. Ledermann 8760 has not been located, presumably lost in the WWII fires at B. Cyrtandra stolleana is considered incertae sedis in the absence of any material cited by Schlechter (1923).

Cyrtandra umbraticola Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 344). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], an sehr schattigen Platzen in den Waldern des Kani-Gebirges, c. 1000 m, Feb. 1908, Schlechter 17,279 (B, destroyed).

notes. Unfortunately, material of Schlecter 17279, the type gathering, has not been located, presumably destroyed in the WWII fires at B; Schlechter (1923) did not cite any further specimens. In the absence of any material seen by Schlechter, it is difficult to apply this species name with any confidence although from Schlechter’s notes it sounds a striking species differing from Cyrtandra amplifolia and C. bracteata by its smaller and narrower leaves, deeply split rose-red calyces and white-yellow, wine-red corolla which barely protrudes from the calyx. Currently, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

A Checklist of New Guinea Cyrtandropsis Names

Cyrtandropsis Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 331); Schlechter (1923: 367). Type: Cyrtandropsis monoica Lauterb.

Lauterbach (1910) described Cyrtandropsis based on one species, C. monoica, noting its similarity to Cyrtandra, particularly Clarke’s sect. Dissimiles (Clarke 1883), but distinguishing it by its monoecy, unlike the hermaphrodite flowers of Cyrtandra. Schlechter (1923), having studied more collections at B, added a further 15 species, two transferred from Cyrtandra, the remainder newly described; he observed that plants tended to have all male or all female flowers, rather than mixed in the same inflorescence, in contrast to Lauterbach’s protologue. He gave further detail, stating that in the male flowers, the style was well-developed but the ovary sterile, and the stigma distinctly two-lobed. Three staminodes are present, and a pair of stamens fully developed. In the female flowers, the usually fertile stamen pair is shortened and thick, and the ovary, also ovoid and glabrous, has a shorter style with two-lobed stigma. He divided the genus into two sections: sect. Cyrtandropsis, which included all but one species, circumscribed by its pseudoalternate leaves, and sect. Isophyllum, with one species, C. finisterrae, with equal leaves in a pair.

A further species was added by Hochreutiner (1934): this is not included here as it is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Bringing the total to 18, Kanehira & Hatusima (1943) described C. nabirensis Kaneh. & Hatus.

Burtt (1936) described Cyrtandra filibracteata B.L.Burtt, a species with unisexual flowers, but chose not to place it in Cyrtandropsis on account of its features being most similar to other Cyrtandra species. He regarded the diagnosis of Cyrtandropsis on its unisexual flowers as weak, and considered it, ‘very unlikely that Cyrtandropsis will eventually be retained as a distinct genus unless other supplementary characters are found’ (Burtt 1936: 465). Gillett (1970) shared this opinion. Later, Burtt (2001) listed Cyrtandropsis as a synonym of Cyrtandra but did not make any of the recombinations necessary to formally recognise the species of Cyrtandropsis as Cyrtandras.

Here, we choose to recognise Cyrtandropsis. In our ongoing taxonomic work on New Guinea Cyrtandra, Cyrtandropsis and Sepikea, we will use both morphological characters and genomics to justify any decision to transfer Cyrtandropsis species to Cyrtandra. Including the names in this checklist will ensure the nomenclature and typification for each name is understood, ready for any future changes in status. As with Cyrtandra, we present the names in alphabetical order. Eight are considered incertae sedis here because we have been unable to locate the collections on which Schlechter based his descriptions. An appendix provides a list of names with their status and changes to typification presented here (Appendix Table 2).

1. Cyrtandropsis acutiserrata Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 378). Type: Deutsch Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im dichten Hohenwalde auf dem Etappenberg (Sepik-Gebiet) c. 850 m, Ledermann 9343 (lectotype K! [K000831490], designated here).

notes. Of the material cited by Schlechter (1923), the Ledermann 9343 specimen at K is the only one located; it is chosen as lectotype.

2. Cyrtandropsis bismarckiensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 375). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], Bismark-gebirge, 17 Nov. 1908, Schlechter 18821 (lectotype K! [K000831491], designated here).

notes. The Kew specimen of Schlechter’s type collection for Cyrtandropsis bismarckiensis, Schlechter 18821, is the only one located, so is selected as lectotype here. There could be confusion in some collections, as we found at Kew and as represented on JSTOR Global Plants, because Schlechter also described Cyrtandra bismarckiensis (1923: 333), basing it on Schlechter 18538.

3. Cyrtandropsis djamuensis Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 374). Type: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland [Papua New Guinea], in den waldern am Djamu, c. 300 m, 17 April 1908, Schlechter 17561 (lectotype BO!, selected here; isolectotype P barcode [P03884336] photo at E! [E00062704]).

notes. Two specimens of Schlecter’s type collection, Schlechter 17561, have been located, at BO and P. The BO specimen is selected as lectotype here; it has more leaves and young inflorescences. Schlechter based Cyrtandropsis djamuensis solely on the type (Schlechter 1923).

4. Cyrtandropsis monoica Lauterb. (Lauterbach 1910: 331); Schlechter (1923: 378). Type: Niederl. Neu Guinea [Indonesia, Papua Province], Sabang, Nepenthes-Hügel, 19 June 1907, Versteeg 1269 (lectotype WRSL! selected here, photo at E! [E00062712]; isolectotypes BO sheet number BO-1257717, K! [K000831492], L image seen! [L2823849], U image seen! [U0252167]).

notes. Lauterbach (1910) described this species as the only member of his new genus, Cyrtandropsis, based on Versteeg 1269. Several duplicates of Versteeg 1269 remain; of these, the specimen at Lauterbach’s herbarium (WRSL) is selected as lectotype; it has two capsules, one marked male flower, the other female flower. When Schlechter cited the species (1923: 278), he mistakenly recorded its type as Versteeg 1259. Schlechter wrote that B had a good example of this species; unfortunately, this is presumed to have been destroyed in the WWII fire.

5. Cyrtandropsis nabirensis Kaneh. & Hatus. (Kanehira & Hatusima 1943: 123). Type: Dutch New Guinea [Indonesia, Papua], Ayerjat, Nabire, 8 March 1940, Kanehira & Hatusima 12619 (lectotype FU image seen!, designated here; isolectotype BO! [BO-1257718], FU image seen!).

notes. Three specimens of Kanehira & Hatusima’s type gathering (12619) have been located (BO, FU × 2). At FU, one specimen has a label attached to the sheet, the other only a jeweller’s tag on the stem; the sheet at FU with the label is selected as lectotype here.

6. Cyrtandropsis oreogiton (K.Schum.) Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 374). Cyrtandra oreogiton K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 381). Type: [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli-Gebirge, 800 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14499 (holotype B destroyed; lectotype WRSL! (specimen rubbing), selected here).

notes. Schumann (1905) placed this species in Cyrtandra but separated it on its much shorter pistil. Schlechter (1923) moved it to Cyrtandropsis under the epithet ‘oreogeiton’, the slight name change presumably a typist’s error. Unfortunately, the only material known of this species, the type collection, Schlechter 14499, exists only as a pencil rubbing of a specimen, including a pencil sketch of a dissected flower with measurements, in Lauterbach’s herbarium at WRSL. Although this is effectively an unpublished illustration (see type designation section under Karl Schumann), it is the only visual reference of the type, and is selected as lectotype.

7. Cyrtandropsis phaeotricha Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 371). Type: Kaiser Wilhemsland [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck-gebirge, 1400 m, 1 Nov. 1908, Schlechter 18583 (lectotype K! [K000831493], designated here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR0000005196494], LY image seen! [LY0341401], LY image seen! [LY0341400], LY image seen! [LY0341399], P image seen! [P03899628]).

notes. Of Schlechter 18583, the collection on which Schlechter based his description, specimens have been found at BR, K, LY (× 3) and P. The K specimen is selected as lectotype because it clearly displays several flowers and the dark brown indumentum after which the species is named.

8. Cyrtandropsis sphaerocalyx (K.Schum.) Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 376). Cyrtandra sphaerocalyx K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 383). Type: Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Torricelli Gebirge, 900 m, April 1902, Schlechter 14412 (lectotype WRSL! [mounted], selected here; isolectotypes BO! sheet number BO-1366936, K! [K000831494], WRSL! [unmounted]).

notes. Schlechter (1923) moved this species to Cyrtandropsis from Cyrtandra, where it had been placed by Schumann who distinguished it by its relatively large, inflated calyx and its short pistil.

At WRSL there is a mounted specimen of Schlechter 14412 with plenty of flowering material; this is selected as lectotype. There is also an unmounted specimen with separate label, capsule and pencil sketch of a flower dissection, taken to be a separate specimen. There is a specimen at L marked by Gillett as an isotype but its label only records its collector as Schlechter, without listing his collector number, so it is not included as an isolectotype here.

9. Cyrtandropsis villosa Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 370). Type: Kaiser Wilhemsland [Papua New Guinea], Bismarck-gebirge [Bismarck Range], 1400 m, 1 Nov. 1908, Schlechter 18553 (lectotype K! [K000831495], selected here; isolectotypes BR image seen! [BR0000005173297], LY image seen! [LY0341404], LY image seen! [LY0341403], P image seen! [P03899627]).

notes. The K specimen of Schlechter 18553 is selected as lectotype here because it has many clearly pressed flowers which are easy to examine and relate to the original description.

New Guinea Cyrtandropsis Names of Uncertain Status

Cyrtandropsis congesta Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 372). Type: Nordostl. Neu-Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im montanen Wald bei der Felswand auf der Hunsteinspitze (Sepik-Gebieg), 1350 m, Feb. 1913, Ledermann 11047 (B, destroyed).

notes. This name is based on the Ledermann type only; no duplicates of it have been located, and it is presumed to have been destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Unfortunately, in the absence of any extant material seen by Schlechter, it is challenging to apply this species name. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandropsis epiphytica Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 375). Syntypes: Nordostl. Neu Guinea, auf baumen in den Bergwaldern des Schraderberges (Sepik Gebiet), 2070 m, May 1913, Ledermann 11582, 11735 (B, destroyed).

notes. Schlechter (1923) based this species on two Ledermann collections; no duplicates of either have been located, the B set most likely to have been studied by Schlechter is presumed to have been destroyed in the WWII fires at B. Unfortunately, in the absence of any extant material seen by Schlechter, it is challenging to apply this species name. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandropsis finisterrae Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 369). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in den Nebelwaldern des Finisterre-Gebirges, 1000 m, July 1908, Schlechter 17988 (B, destroyed).

notes. Unfortunately, no material of Schlechter’s type collection, Schlechter 17988, has been located. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandropsis inflata Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 377). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im gebirgswalde auf dem Schraderberge (Sepik-Gebiet), 2070 m, June 1913, Ledermann 11896 (B, destroyed).

notes. Another of Schlechter’s species based on a Ledermann collection (Ledermann 11896), material of which has not been located, presumably the sole specimen was studied at B by Schlechter and destroyed in the WWII fires. Following the approach taken for other species where the type material is lost, this name is considered as incertae sedis until material matching its description is found.

Cyrtandropsis ledermannii Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 371). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im gebirgswalde auf der Felsspitze (Sepik-Gebiet) 1400 – 1500 m, Aug. 1913, Ledermann 12789 (B, destroyed).

notes. Named after Ledermann and based on one of his collections (Ledermann 12789), this species must be considered of incertae sedis because no material of Ledermann 12789 has not been located.

Cyrtandropsis longifolia Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 377). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im dichten Hohenwalde auf dem Etappenberg (Sepik-Gebiet) c. 850 m, Oct. 1912, Ledermann 9327 (B, destroyed).

notes. Unfortunately, no material of Ledermann 9327, the only collection cited by Schlechter (1923) in his protologue of Cyrtandropsis longifolia, has been located. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandropsis macrophylla Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 374). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], im bemoosten, montanem Urwalde auf der Hunsteinspitze (Sepik-Gebiet), 1300 m, March 1913, Ledermann 11247 (B, destroyed).

notes. Ledermann 11247, the collection upon which Schlechter based Cyrtandropsis macrophylla, has not been located. Presumably, the specimen worked on by Schlechter at B was destroyed, and no further duplicates had been distributed. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Cyrtandropsis subintegra Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 376). Type: Nordostl. Neu Guinea [Papua New Guinea], in gebirgswalde auf baumen auf dem Schraderberg (Sepik-Gebiet), 2070 m, May 1913, Ledermann 11,825 (B, destroyed).

notes. The type specimen details for Ledermann 11825 given here are taken from Schlechter (1923), rather than the specimen label because no material of this collection has been located. Presumably, the specimen worked on by Schlechter at B was destroyed, and no further duplicates had been distributed. Until material matching the species description is found, this name is considered as incertae sedis.

Sepikea Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 306).

Sepikea cylindrocarpa Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 306); Kanehira & Hatusima (1943: 128). Type: Deutsch-Neuguinea [Papua New Guinea], Sepikgebiet, Ledermann 8681 (lectotype K! [K000831995], designated here).

notes. Schlechter described his new genus, named after the Sepik area in which the type specimen was collected, because it had two stamen pairs, only one of which is fertile, differing from the typical one pair of stamens in Cyrtandra. Its slender herbaceous habit and large flowers on long pedicels were also of note. Kanehira & Hatusima (1943) identified one of their collections as Sepikea cylindrocarpa (K&H 12810; BO and FU). They dissected three flowers and found one to have three fertile stamens, and two with two fertile stamens (the typical state for Cyrtandra). Schlechter (1923) stated that the fruit did not appear to fully develop, but Kanehira & Hatusima’s collection bears mature fruit. Phylogenomic analysis of a sample of New Guinea Cyrtandra, including Sepikea, is in progress (Bramley et al., in prep.); initial results point to Sepikea being nested within Cyrtandra. Further morphological study will be part of a full taxonomic revision of New Guinea Cyrtandra.

Excluded Names

Rhynchotechum polycarpum (K.Schum.) Schltr. (Schlechter 1923: 304). Cyrtandra polycarpa K.Schum. (Schumann 1905: 377). Lectotype: [Papua New Guinea], Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, on the way from Ramu to the coast, Feb. 1902, Schlechter 14203 (E! [E00431464], selected by Anderson & Middleton (2013: 165); isolectotype NY image seen! [NY01842805]).