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How subsidiary and supplier misbehavior lead to corporate social responsibility performance improvements in multinationals

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“It takes twenty years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.”

Warren Buffett, Chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway.

Abstract

We study how misbehavior in a multinational’s value network, not only in subsidiaries but also in suppliers, affects its corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Combining the network perspective of multinationals with the risk management view of CSR, we argue that major misbehavior in subsidiaries and independent suppliers leads to CSR performance improvements. The reason is that in response to the misbehavior, the multinational not only addresses the specific problem with the misbehaving party but also refines network-wide practices to rebuild its reputation and social contract with stakeholders, leading to better CSR performance. Additionally, we argue that home-country CSR mandates enhance this relationship. The reason is that the regulatory mandates heighten the multinational’s sensitivity to the costs of value network partners’ misbehavior, strengthening its response. Analyses of 1262 multinationals from 35 home countries in 2008–2018 support these ideas. They also reveal that while major subsidiary misbehavior leads to higher internal CSR performance, major supplier misbehavior results in higher external CSR performance. These ideas and findings introduce and highlight how managers can use CSR as an ex-post strategic tool for addressing reputational damage caused by misbehavior in their global value networks, complementing the use of CSR as a source of competitive advantage.

Résumé

Nous étudions comment un comportement fautif dans le réseau de valeur d'une entreprise multinationale, non seulement dans les filiales mais aussi chez les fournisseurs, influence sa performance en matière de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (Corporate Social Responsibility-CSR). En combinant la perspective du réseau des multinationales avec celle de la gestion des risques de la CSR, nous argumentons qu'une inconduite majeure dans les filiales et chez les fournisseurs indépendants entraîne une amélioration de la performance en matière de CSR. Et cela parce qu'en réponse à l'inconduite, la multinationale ne traite pas seulement le problème spécifique avec la partie fautive, mais affine également les pratiques à l'échelle du réseau afin de reconstruire sa réputation et son contrat social avec les parties prenantes, ce qui conduit à une meilleure performance en matière de CSR. En outre, nous argumentons que les mandats de CSR du pays d'origine renforcent cette relation. Ceci s’explique par le fait que les mandats réglementaires augmentent la sensibilité de la multinationale aux coûts du mauvais comportement des partenaires du réseau de valeur, renforçant ainsi sa réaction. Ces idées se confirment par des analyses portant sur 1262 multinationales de 35 pays d'origine différents pour la période 2008–2018. Elles révèlent également que si un comportement fautif majeur d'une filiale entraîne une performance CSR interne plus élevée, celui d'un fournisseur conduit à une performance CSR externe plus élevée. Ces idées et résultats introduisent et mettent en lumière la manière dont les managers peuvent utiliser la CSR comme un outil stratégique ex post pour remédier aux atteintes à la réputation causées par des inconduites dans leurs réseaux de valeur mondiaux, en complément de l'utilisation de la CSR comme source d'avantage concurrentiel.

Resumen

Estudiamos como la conducta indebida en la cadena de valor de una multinacional, no solamente en las filiales, sino también en proveedores afecta su desempeño en responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE). Combinando la perspectiva de redes de las multinacionales con la perspectiva de gestión de riesgos de la RSE, sostenemos que la mayor conducta indebida en las filiales y los proveedores independientes lleva a avanzar en el desempeño de la RSE. La razón es que, en esta respuesta a la mala conducta, la multinacional no solamente aborda el problema específico con la parte que se comportaba mal, pero también perfecciona las prácticas de toda la red para reconstruir su reputación y su contrato social con los grupos de interés, llevando con esto a mejor desempeño de RSE. Adicionalmente, sostenemos que el mandato de RSE del país de origen aumenta esta relación. La razón es que los mandatos regulatorios aumentan la sensibilidad a los costos del mal comportamiento, reforzando su respuesta. Los análisis de 1262 multinacionales de 35 países de origen en 2008–2018 respaldan estas ideas. También revelan que, mientras que el mal comportamiento de las principales filiales da lleva a un mayor desempeño interno de RSE, el mal comportamiento de los principales proveedores da lugar a un mayor desempeño externo de RSE. Estas ideas y hallazgos introducen y destacan cómo los gerentes pueden utilizar la RSE como una herramienta estratégica ex post para abordar el daño reputacional causado por la mala conducta en sus redes de valor globales, complementando el uso de la RSE como fuente de ventaja competitiva.

Resumo

Estudamos como o mau comportamento na rede de valor de uma multinacional, não apenas em subsidiárias, mas também em fornecedores, afeta o seu desempenho em responsabilidade social corporativa (CSR). Combinando a perspectiva de rede de multinacionais com a visão de gestão de risco da CSR, argumentamos que o grave mau comportamento em subsidiárias e fornecedores independentes leva a melhorias no desempenho em CSR. A razão é que, em resposta ao mau comportamento, a multinacional não só trata do problema específico da parte que se comportou mal, mas também refina práticas de toda a rede para reconstruir sua reputação e contrato social com stakeholders, levando a um melhor desempenho em CSR. Além disso, argumentamos que mandatos de CSR do país de origem melhoram esta relação. A razão é que os mandatos regulatórios aumentam a sensibilidade da multinacional aos custos do mau comportamento de parceiros da rede de valor, fortalecendo sua resposta. Análises de 1.262 multinacionais de 35 países de origem de 2008 a 2018 corroboram estas ideias. Elas também revelam que, embora grave mau comportamento de principais subsidiárias leve a um melhor desempenho interno de CSR, grave mau comportamento dos principais fornecedores resulta em um melhor desempenho externo de CSR. Estas ideias e conclusões apresentam e destacam como gestores podem utilizar a CSR como uma ferramenta estratégica ex-post para abordar danos à reputação causados pelo mau comportamento nas suas redes de valor globais, complementando a utilização da CSR como uma fonte de vantagem competitiva.

摘要

我们研究了跨国公司不仅在子公司而且在供应商价值网络中的不当行为如何影响其企业社会责任(CSR)绩效。将跨国公司网络视角与CSR风险管理视角相结合, 我们认为子公司和独立供应商的重大不当行为导致CSR绩效的提高。原因是, 作为回应, 跨国公司不仅解决了不当行为方的具体问题, 而且还完善了全网络的做法, 以重建其声誉和与利益相关者的社会契约, 从而提高了CSR绩效。此外, 我们认为母国CSR授权加强了这种关系。原因是监管规定提高了跨国公司对价值网络合作伙伴不当行为成本的敏感性, 加强了它的应对措施。对2008–2018年来自35个母国的1262家跨国公司的分析支持了这些观点。分析还发现, 主要子公司的不当行为会导致更高的内部CSR绩效, 而主要供应商的不当行为则会导致更高的外部CSR绩效。这些想法和发现介绍并强调了管理者如何将CSR作为一种事后战略工具, 以解决其全球价值网络中不当行为所造成的声誉损害, 从而补充了对CSR作为竞争优势来源的运用。

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Acknowledgements

We thank Ted Baker, Michael Barnett, Paul Beamish, Sjoerd Beugelsdijk, Ajai Gaur, Tony He, Tatiana Kostova, Maria Tereza Leme Fleury, Witold Henisz, Guy Holburn, Vanessa Hasse, Chengguang Li, Valentina Marano, Klaus Meyer, Michael Mol, Mari Sako, Rosalie Tung, Jaume Villanueva, participants at the Academy of International Business Latin America and the Caribbean Annual Meeting, Strategic Management Society annual meeting and paper development workshop, Rutgers Business School, and anonymous reviewers for useful suggestions for improvement. The paper received the Best Paper Award at the Academy of International Business Latin America and the Caribbean Annual Meeting. For financial support, Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra thanks the Lloyd Mullin Fellowship at Northeastern University and Cheng Li thanks the Brock Fellowship at Western University.

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Accepted by Sjoerd Beugelsdijk, Deputy Editor, 13 September 2023. This article has been with the authors for four revisions.

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Li, C., Cuervo-Cazurra, A. How subsidiary and supplier misbehavior lead to corporate social responsibility performance improvements in multinationals. J Int Bus Stud (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-023-00666-3

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