Abstract
To understand patterns in CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) over time in wetlands’ surface water and porewater, we examined the relationship between PCO2 and land–atmosphere flux of CO2 at the ecosystem scale at 22 Northern Hemisphere wetland sites synthesized through an open call. Sites spanned 6 major wetland types (tidal, alpine, fen, bog, marsh, and prairie pothole/karst), 7 Köppen climates, and 16 different years. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary production (GPP), components of vertical CO2 flux, were compared to PCO2, a component of lateral CO2 flux, to determine if photosynthetic rates and soil respiration consistently influence wetland surface and porewater CO2 concentrations across wetlands. Similar to drivers of primary productivity at the ecosystem scale, PCO2 was strongly positively correlated with air temperature (Tair) at most sites. Monthly average PCO2 tended to peak towards the middle of the year and was more strongly related to Reco than GPP. Our results suggest Reco may be related to biologically driven PCO2 in wetlands, but the relationship is site-specific and could be an artifact of differently timed seasonal cycles or other factors. Higher levels of discharge do not consistently alter the relationship between Reco and temperature normalized PCO2. This work synthesizes relevant data and identifies key knowledge gaps in drivers of wetland respiration.
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Data Availability
Previously published data from sites in this manuscript can be accessed through the following citations: Desai 2023; Turner et al. 2019; Crawford et al. 2017; Olson 2023; Richardson et al. 2023c; Hawman et al. 2021; Turner et al. 2022; Turner 2022; Yu et al. 2022; Malone et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2021; Malone et al. 2014; Malone et al. 2013; Richardson 2023b; D′Acunha et al. 2019; Christen & Knox 2022; Nilsson & Peichl 2020; Campeau et al. 2021b; Leach et al. 2016; Sagerfors et al. 2008; Laudon et al. 2021; Mast et al. 1998; Wickland et al. 2001; Clow et al. 2021a, b; Zolkos et al. 2022; Hatala-Matthes et al. 2021; Detto et al. 2010; Kling 2019; Bohrer et al. 2019; Bohrer & Kerns 2022; Ward et al. 2020; Gleason et al. 2009; Tangen & Bansal 2017; Euskirchen 2022; Euskirchen et al. 2019; Euskirchen et al. 2017; Rupp 2019; Giblin 2021; Feagin et al. 2020; Forsythe et al. 2020a, b; Shahan et al. 2022. These citations are also listed in Table S2. MATLAB scripts and daily average PCO2, Reco, and GPP data for all sites are available in Richardson (2023a).
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the scientists who helped us in the beginning stages of formulating our methods, especially Kenta Suzuki and Shin-ichiro S. Matsuzaki at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Nick Marzolf at Duke University.
Funding
JR acknowledges support from the UW-Madison Student Research Grant Competition, PeatNeeds Microgrant from PeatECR Action Team, NSF, and the Eco-meteorology lab at UW-Madison. Funding for the AmeriFlux data portal is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. US-EvM is supported in part by funds from the Department of Energy’s National Institute for Climate Change Research grant (07‐SC‐NICCR‐1059) and the National Science Foundation Division of Atmospheric & Geospace Sciences Atmospheric Chemistry Program awards (1561139, 1233006, and 1807533).
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Data collection, maintenance, and processing were performed by Jessica L. Richardson, Jonathan Thom, Kim Lindgren, Audrey Campeau, Dontrece Smith, Brenda D’Acunha, Darian Ng, Colin Edgar, Jason Dobkowski, Evan S. Kane, Gil Bohrer, Thomas O’Halloran, Jonny Ritson, Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Julie Shahan, and Maiyah Matsumura. Data interpretation and analysis was performed by Jessica L. Richardson, Ankur R. Desai, Hjalmar Laudon, Matthias Peichl, Mats Nilsson, Audrey Campeau, Järvi Järveoja, Peter Hawman, Deepak R. Mishra, Brenda D’Acunha, Sara H. Knox, Mark S. Johnson, Joshua Blackstock, Sparkle L. Malone, Steve F. Oberbauer, Matteo Detto, Kimberly P. Wickland, Inke Forbrich, Nathaniel Weston, Jacqueline K.Y. Hung, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Syndonia Bret-Harte, George Kling, Evan S. Kane, Pascal Badiou, Matthew Bogard, Gil Bohrer, Thomas O’Halloran, Jonny Ritson, Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Dennis Baldocchi, Patty Oikawa, and Julie Shahan. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jessica L. Richardson and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Richardson, J.L., Desai, A.R., Thom, J. et al. On the Relationship Between Aquatic CO2 Concentration and Ecosystem Fluxes in Some of the World’s Key Wetland Types. Wetlands 44, 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01751-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01751-x