Abstract
Purpose of Review
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) carries a high burden of morbidity and mortality. Cardiac rehabilitation over the past century has developed as an important tool in treating and preventing future myocardial infarction events in this critical group. We summarize the rationale and literature evidence supporting the use of cardiac rehabilitation and its role in ACS patients, with an emphasis on its impact on outcomes following hospitalization.
Recent Findings
Current literature and large-scale reviews and registry analyses provide conflicting data on the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation after ACS, including its impact on mortality, readmission, and quality of life.
Summary
Cardiac rehabilitation is an important tool in the management ACS patients. It encompasses not only a graduated exercise regimen but also a holistic approach and is therefore best implemented as a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation strategy including, in addition to exercise regimen, psychosocial counseling, smoking cessation education, medication adherence, nutrition guidance, and other tools for risk modification. Further trials on the role of cardiac rehabilitation after ACS are needed, especially trials examining different cardiac rehabilitation protocols, time period for its implementation after ACS, and optimal program duration.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACS:
-
Acute coronary syndrome
- NSTEMI:
-
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
- STEMI:
-
ST elevation myocardial infarction
- ACC:
-
American College of Cardiology
- AHA:
-
American Heart Association
- SCAI:
-
Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions
- RR:
-
Risk Ratio
- CI:
-
Confidence interval
- RAMIT:
-
The Rehabilitation after Myocardial Infarction Trial
- HR:
-
Hazard ratio
- OR:
-
Odds ratio
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Ahmad FB, Anderson RN. The leading causes of death in the US for 2020. JAMA. 2021;325(18):1829–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.5469.
Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e67–492.
Timmis A. Acute coronary syndromes. BMJ. 2015;20(351):h5153. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h5153.Erratum.In:BMJ.2015;351:h5849. PMID: 26487159.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2012;126(16):2020–35. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058. Epub 2012 Aug 24. PMID: 22923432.
Bergmark BA, Mathenge N, Merlini PA, Lawrence-Wright MB, Giugliano RP. Acute coronary syndromes. Lancet. 2022;399(10332):1347–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02391-6.PMID:35367005;PMCID:PMC8970581.
• Dibben G, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, Rees K, Thompson DR, Zwisler AD, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;11(11):CD001800. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub4. PMID: 34741536; PMCID: PMC8571912. This study showed a large reduction in fatal and/or non-fatal MI patients undergoing exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation up to 12 months.
Redfern J, Gallagher R, O’Neil A, Grace SL, Bauman A, Jennings G, et al. Historical context of cardiac rehabilitation: learning from the past to move to the future. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;27(9):842567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.842567.PMID:35571195;PMCID:PMC9091441.
Certo CM. History of cardiac rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 1985;65(12):1793–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/65.12.1793. PMID: 3906683.
Hellerstein HK. Exercise therapy in coronary disease. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1968;44(8):1028–47. PMID: 5243885; PMCID: PMC1750285.
Mampuya WM. Cardiac rehabilitation past, present and future: an overview. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2012;2(1):38–49. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.01.02. PMID: 24282695; PMCID: PMC3839175.
Baman JR, Sekhon S, Maganti K. Cardiac rehabilitation. JAMA. 2021;326(4):366. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.5952.
McMahon SR, Ades PA, Thompson PD. The role of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2017;27(6):420–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2017.02.005. Epub 2017 Feb 15. PMID: 28318815; PMCID: PMC5643011.
Writing Committee Members; Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(2):e21–e129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006. Epub 2021 Dec 9. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Apr 19;79(15):1547. PMID: 34895950.
West RR, Jones DA, Henderson AH. Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction trial (RAMIT): multi-centre randomised controlled trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients following acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2012;98(8):637–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300302. Epub 2011 Dec 22 PMID: 22194152.
Doherty P, Lewin R. The RAMIT trial, a pragmatic RCT of cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care: what does it tell us? Heart. 2012;98(8):605–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301728. PMID: 22505460.
Taylor RS, Dalal HM, McDonagh STJ. The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(3):180–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00611-7. Epub 2021 Sep 16. PMID: 34531576; PMCID: PMC8445013.
Dunlay SM, Pack QR, Thomas RJ, Killian JM, Roger VL. Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, readmissions, and death after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2014;127(6):538–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.008. Epub 2014 Feb 18. PMID: 24556195; PMCID: PMC4035431.
Kasperowicz A, Cymerys M, Kasperowicz T. Effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in exercise capacity increase in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214085. PMID: 31652906; PMCID: PMC6862355.
•• Li S, Fonarow GC, Mukamal K, Xu H, Matsouaka RA, Devore AD, et al. Sex and racial disparities in cardiac rehabilitation referral at hospital discharge and gaps in long-term mortality. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(8):e008088. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008088. PMID: 29626153; PMCID: PMC6015394. This study showed that females and minorities were less likely to be referred for cardiac rehabilitation.
•• Garfein J, Chen Y, Swabe G, Guhl E, Forman DE, Magnani JW. Race or ethnicity and education in cardiac rehabilitation enrollment. J Cardiol. 2023:S0914–5087(23)00188–0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2023.08.002. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37562543. This study showed that when adjusted for education attainment and race, minority participation with cardiac rehabilitation was low.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the conception, drafting, and review of this manuscript and meet ICJME criteria for authorship.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Thakker, R., Khan, M. & Al-Hemyari, B. Cardiac Rehabilitation After Hospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndrome. Curr Cardiol Rep 25, 1699–1703 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-02010-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-02010-5