Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Was there a better time to be a mother? Past and present times of socio-cultural fear of crime in Turkiye

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Security Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, and it is nurtured by folklore and the media. Folklore fosters fear of crime using oral tradition transferred throughout generations by updating old contexts into modern times. On the other hand, the media visualizes the possibility of being a victim by introducing the real-life experiences of victims. Contrary to folklore, victims presented in the media seem more accessible, and the victimization of individuals may be proven. Folklore and the media have cooperated to keep the fear of crime alive to warn society that individual lives are on the verge of becoming victims of criminals. In this paper, I aim to describe the fear of crime through two particular crimes: Child abductions and organ thefts. Data for this research comes from two sets of materials: Newspaper news stories and semi-structured interviews conducted in face-to-face settings with mothers from two different generations. My research reveals that mothers of the eighties were scared of their children being victims of beggar gangs and organ trade criminals, while millennial mothers suffer from the possibility of their children being victims of online grooming and sextortion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data supporting this study will be available from the links cited below six months after October 15, 2024, since access to the whole data coming out of the Project identified with 122G108 is subject to approval and data sharing agreement with TUBİTAK and the Turkish Ministry of Health. The research project aims to help develop a national organ donation program. Data presented in the links contains all analyses, transcripted audio texts, and tables showing the demographic characteristics of the informants. They will be available for academic use, provided academics must be granted written permission from the corresponding author, funding institution, TUBİTAK, and Turkish Ministry of Health. The corresponding author, who is the coordinator and designer of the project, is allowed to harvest her data for academic use on the condition that she must acknowledge her funding in her papers. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12Np-tHSsSwSQUiB560b_AGPGx4lOhCK-?usp=drive_link,https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ksAG9A13iqdLAINWKOwPHSBDH4ClLzhQ?usp=drive_link

Notes

  1. Proverbs are also used to mark possible criminals. “God protect me from the beardless man,” “salute from the altar the beardless man and woman,” and “trust not the woman with a man’s voice, and a man with a woman’s voice” illustrate how proverbs are used to criminalize particular people in terms of their appearances (See Ellis 1910; Lombardo 2010).

  2. This amount of money could buy approximately 1000 g of gold in Turkiye in September 1980.

  3. A pinprick attack is an assault on a victim with a needle or syringe with bodily fluids of someone carrying fatal contagious diseases. The first nonfatal pinprick attack was reported in New York and committed by teenage girls in 1989. On the other hand, the first deadly attack happened in 1990 in Australia with an HIV-infected syringe. The victim tested HIV positive and died 8 years after (See: Atreya and Nepal 2020).

  4. Pinprick assaults were classified under negligence injuries in 2004. Even though Turkish laws do not directly point to pinpricking, it defines it as committing a crime of injury (See Resmi Gazete 2004).

  5. Joseph Murray performed the first long-term successful kidney transplantation in 1954. Transplantation was done between monozygotic twin brothers. The transplanted organ survived for 8 years (See Hatzinger et al. 2016).

  6. The first organ transplant accompanied with immunosuppression performed in 1960 (See Hatzinger et al. 2016).

  7. The regulations for organ Donation between spouses were amended in 2018 with law 7151. If the disease requiring organ transplantation is diagnosed after marriage, the 2-year marriage requirement for organ donation between spouses is no longer mandated. (See Resmi Gazete 2018).

References

  • af Klintberg, Bengt. 2014. The Human Sausage Factory. A Study of Post-War Rumour in Tartu. Journal of Baltic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2014.892245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akbulut, Sami, Ali Özer, Ay.şe Gökçe, Khaled Demyati, Hasan Saritaş, and Sezai Yılmaz. 2020. Attitudes, Awareness, and Knowledge Levels of the Turkish Adult Population Toward Organ Donation: Study of a Nationwide Survey. World Journal of Clinical Cases 8 (11): 2235–2245. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i11.2235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ansión, Juan. 1989. Pishtacos: De Verdugos a Sacaojos. Lima: Tarea.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atreya, Alok, and Samata Nepal. 2020. Needless Needle Nuisances in Nepal. Medico-Legal Journal 88 (1): 29–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817219875312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babchishin, Kelly M., R. Karl Hanson, and Chantal A. Hermann. 2011. The Characteristics of Online Sex Offenders: A Meta-Analysis. Sexual Abuse 23 (1): 92–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063210370708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berson, Ilene R. 2003. Grooming Cybervictims. Journal of School Violence 2 (1): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v02n01_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilen, Ömer., Öyküm Esra Aşkın, Ali Hakan Büyüklü, Ay.şenur Ökten, and Mehmet Gür. 2013. Suç Korkusu, İstanbul İlçeleri Arasında Mekansal Açıdan Nasıl Farklılaşır? NWSA Academic Journals 8 (4): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2013.8.4.3C0115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilge, Ömer. 2012. Türk Kızı Şeniz Sanal Zorbalığın Kurbanı [Turkish Girl Şeniz Became a Victim of Cyberbullying]. Hürriyet, January 16.

  • Blache, Martha. 1999. Rumours and Legends About Organ Transplants. In Folklore in Changing World, ed. J. Handoo and R. Kvideland, 181–190. Mysore: Zooni.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, Herbert. 1971. Social Problems as Collective Behavior. Social Problems 32 (5): 298–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm, Robert M. 1986. Crime, Criminal and Crime Control Policy Myths. Justice Quarterly 3 (2): 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418828600088891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botkins, B. A. 1944. Introduction. In A Treasury of American Folklore: Stories, Ballads, and Traditions of People, ed. Levette J. Davidson and B.A. Botkin, xxi–xxvii. New York: Crown Publishers.

  • Brednich, Rolf Wilhelm. 1991. Unfreiwillige Organspende. In Die Maus Im Jumbo-Jet, ed. Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, 77–80. München: C. H. Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunvand, Jan Harold. 1993. The Baby Train and Other Lusty Urban Legends. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunvand, Jan Harold. 1996. Urban Legends. In American Folklore, ed. Jan Hansen Brunvand, 1509–1512. New York: Garland Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunvand, Jan Harold. 2001. Encyclopedia of Urban Legends. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bubandt, Nils. 2017. From Head-Hunter to Organ-Thief: Verisimilitude, Doubt, and Plausible Worlds in Indonesia and Beyond. Oceania 87 (1): 38–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, R.H.C., and J. Green. 1980. The Relationship Between Physical Appearance and Criminality. Medicine, Science and the Law 20 (2): 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580248002000202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, Peter. 1995. Organroof: Feit of Fictie? Wetenschap, Cultur En Samenleving 24: 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, Peter. 1996. Organ Snatchers. Magonia, June.

  • Campion-Vincent, Veronique. 1990. The Baby-Parts Story: A New Latin American Legend. Western Folklore 49 (1): 9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1499480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campion-Vincent, Veronique. 1997. Organ Theft Narratives. Western Folklore 56 (1): 1–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/1500384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campion-Vincent, Veronique. 2002a. Organ Theft Narratives as Medical and Social Critique. Journal of Folklore Research 39 (1): 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campion-Vincent, Veronique. 2002b. Organ Theft Narratives Since the Late Eighties. Journal of Indian Folkloristics 200: 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campion-Vincent, Véronique. 2015. Children as Prey: A Case of the Utmost: Contemporary Legends of Organ Theft, Children’s Disappearances, Kidnappings, and the Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescents. Folklore (estonia) 62: 81–110. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2015.62.campion-vincent.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campion-Vincent, Véronique., and Nancy Scheper-Hughes. 2001. On Organ Theft Narratives. Current Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1086/322543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çardak, Begüm. 2012. Kadınların Suç Korkuları Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma [A Qualitative Study on Women’s Fears of Becoming Victims of Crime]. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi 1 (1): 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çelik, Şükran. 2005. Van İlinde Organ Hırsızlıkları Hakkında Anlatılar (Organ Theft Narratives in Van). Van, MA: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çıkman, Bükre., Özlem. Salman, and Deniz Çalışkan. 2017. Name: Curious, Surname: Child, Situation: Online, Conclusion: Grooming, Online Child Abuse. Güncel Pediatri/JCP 15 (3): 87–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cops, Diedrik, and Stefaan Pleysier. 2011. ‘Doing Gender’ in Fear of Crime: The Impact of Gender Identity on Reported Levels of Fear of Crime in Adolescents and Young Adults. British Journal of Criminology 51 (1): 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crepelle, Adam. 2016. A Market for Human Organs: An Ethical Solution to the Organ Shortage. Indiana Health Law Review 13 (1): 17–81. https://doi.org/10.18060/3911.0012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vos, Gail. 2008. Urban Legends. In Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore, ed. Josepha Sherman, 479–480. New York: M. E. Sharpe Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degh, Linda, and Andrew Vazsonyi. 1974. Legend and Mass Media. In The First LACUS Forum, ed. Adam Makkai and Valerie Makkai Becker, 279–287. Columbia: SC Hornbean.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demir, Recep. 2018. Anadolu Masallarında Suç ve Ceza Motifi [Crime and Punishment Motifs in Anatolian Folk Tales]. Samsun, MA: Ondokuz Mayıs University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ditton, Jason, Derek Chadee, Stephen Farrall Farrall, Elizabeth Gilchrist, and Jon Bannister. 2004. From Imitation to Intimidation: A Note on the Curious and Changing Relationship between the Media, Crime and Fear of Crime. British Journal of Criminology 44 (4): 595–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez-Gil, Beatriz, ed. 2021. Newsletter Transplant International Figures on Donation and Transplantation 2021. Strasbourg.

  • Donovan, Pamela. 2002. Crime Legends in a New Medium: Fact, Fiction and Loss of Authority. Theoretical Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1177/136248060200600204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dundes, Alan. 1977. Who Are the Folk? In Frontiers of Folklore, ed. William R. Bascom, 17–35. Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, Havelock. 1910. The Criminal. London: Blackwood: Scott&Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdönmez, Erhan. 2009. The Effect of Media on Citizens’ Fear of Crime in Turkey. Denton: University of North Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrall, Stephen, Jon Bannister, Jason Ditton, and Elizabeth Gilchrist. 1997. Questioning the Measurement of The ‘Fear of Crime’: Findings from a Major Methodological Study. British Journal of Criminology 37 (4): 658–679. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, Kenneth F. 1995. Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Albany, NY: Suny Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, Kenneth F., and Randy L. Grange. 1987. The Measurement of Fear of Crime. Sociological Inquiry 57 (1): 70–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01181.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, Jeff. 1995. Style Matters: cultural identity and social control. In Cultural Criminology, ed. Jeff Ferrell and Clinton R. Sanders, 169–189. Boston: Northeastern Press.

  • Fine, Gary Alan. 1979. Cokelore and Coke Law: Urban Belief Tales and the Problem of Multiple Origins. The Journal of American Folklore 92 (366): 477–482. https://doi.org/10.2307/540512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, Gary Alan, and Bill Ellis. 2010. The Global Grapevine. The Global Grapevine. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736317.001.0001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, Noah J., and David L. Altheide. 1987. The Mass Media and the Social Construction of the Missing Children Problem. The Sociological Quarterly 28 (4): 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1987.tb00307.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, Ute, and Werner Greve. 2003. The Psychology of Fear of Crime. Conceptual and Methodological Perspectives. British Journal of Criminology 43 (3): 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.3.600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, James. 1981. The Fear of Crime: Causes and Consequences. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72 (2): 839–857. https://doi.org/10.2307/1143018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavrilović Nilsson, Mirjana, Calli Tzani-Pepelasis, and Maria Ioannou. 2019. Understanding the Link Between Sextortion and Suicide. International Journal of Cyber Criminology 13 (1): 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbner, George. 1972. Communication and Social Environment. Scientific American 227 (3): 152–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomme, George Laurence. 1890. The Handbook of Folklore. London: The Folklore Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodey, Jo. 1997. Boys Don’t Cry: Masculinities, Fear of Crime and Fearlessness. British Journal of Criminology 37 (3): 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, Martin S., and R. Barry Ruback. 1992. After the Crime: Victim Decision Making, 1992. London: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzinger, M., M. Stastny, P. Grützmacher, and M. Sohn. 2016. Die Geschichte Der Nierentransplantation. Der Urologe 55 (10): 1353–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-016-0205-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, Linda, and John Petraitis. 1987. Television Viewing and Fear of Crime: Where is the Mean World? Basic and Applied Social Psychology 8 (1–2): 97–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.1987.9645879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henson, Billy, Bradford W. Reyns, and Bonnie S. Fisher. 2013. Fear of Crime Online? Examining the Effect of Risk, Previous Victimization, and Exposure on Fear of Online Interpersonal Victimization. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 29 (4): 475–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986213507403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hürriyet. 1977. Ümitsiz Hastaların Ölüme Terk Edilmesini Isteyenler Artıyor, May 7.

  • Hürriyet. 1980a. Beş Yüz Bin Liraya Böbrek Arıyor [He is Looking for Paid-Kidney Donor for Five Hundred Liras], September 8.

  • Hürriyet. 1980b. Beş Yüz Bin Liraya Böbrek Arıyor [He is Looking for Paid-Kidney Donor for Five Hundred Liras], September 12.

  • Hürriyet. 2004. İğneli Sapık Yine Saldırdı [The Stinging Pervert Strikes Again], June 13.

  • Hürriyet. 2012. İnternette Tanıştıkları Genç Kıza Tecavüz Ettiler [They Raped the Young Girl with Whom They Met Online], March 28.

  • Hürriyet. 2017. Kız Çocuğunu Taciz Eden Adam Suçüstü Yakalandı [The Man Abused the Girl was Caught on the Act], July 17.

  • Hürriyet. 2019. Sanal Dünyanın Köpek Balıkları! Tehdit, Şantaj, Istismar ve Tecavüz [Sharks of the Online World! Threats, Blackmail, Abuse, and Rape], June 29.

  • İçöz, Fulya. 2008. Masalda Cadı: ‘Ötekinin Adı’ [The Witch in Tales: ‘The Name of the Other’]. İzmir, MA: Ege University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Jonathan. 2006. Introducing Fear of Crime in Risk Analysis. Risk Analysis 26 (1): 253–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Jonathan. 2011. Revisiting Risk Sensitivity in Fear of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 48 (4): 513–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalabalık Genç, Kübra. 2021. DM’deki Büyük Tehlike… Çocukları Tehdit Ediyor? Mutlaka Aktif Edin [The Great Danger in DM… Threating Children? Be Sure to Activate It]. Hürriyet, September 16.

  • Kalmre, Eda. 2013. The Human Sausage Factory: A Study of Post-War Rumour in Tartu. New York: Radopi.

  • Kappeler, Victor E., and Gary W. Potter. 2005. The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice. Long Grove: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karakuş, Önder. 2013. Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye Mi? Sosyal Kontrol Mü? [Sociological Predictors of Fear of Crime: Is It Social Capital or Social Control?]. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14 (1): 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karakuş, Önder., F. Edmund McGarrell, and O.ğuzhan Başıbüyük. 2010. Fear of Crime Among Citizens of Turkey. Journal of Criminal Justice 38: 174–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karataş, Hicran. 2021. Azıcık Suçlu: Defineci Folkloru [A Little Bit Criminal: Folklore of Looters]. İstanbul: Doğu Kütüphanesi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, L.R. 1992. Organs for Sale? Propriety, Property, and the Price of Progress. The Public Interest 107: 65–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kertzer, D.I. 1983. Generations as a Sociological Problem. Annual Review of Sociology 9 (9): 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.001013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopecký, Kamil. 2017. Online Blackmail of Czech Children Focused on So-Called ‘Sextortion’ (Analysis of Culprit and Victim Behaviors). Telematics and Informatics 34: 11–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Küpeli, Ceren. 2019. Legal Analysis of Sextortion Crime in the Comparative Law and Turkish Law. Journal of Scientific Perspectives 3: 87–89. https://doi.org/10.26900/jsp.3.045.

  • Lester, David, Stephanie McSwain, and John F. Gunn. 2013. Suicide and the Internet: The Case of Amanda Todd. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 5 (3): 179–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, Robert M. 2010. The Hegemonic Narrative and the Social Construction of Deviance: The Case of the Black Hand. Trends in Organized Crime 13: 263–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lombroso, Cesare. 2006. Criminal Man. Ed. Mary (Trans) Gibson and Nicole (Trans) Rafter Hahn. Durham: Duke University Press.

  • Lundin, Susanne. 2015. Organs for Sale: An Ethnographic Examination of the International Organ Trade. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliyet. 2003. Konya’da Şırıngalı Sapık Dehşet Saçıyor… Bugün de 3 Kurban Var! [The Pervert with a Syringe Is Terrorizing in Konya… There Are 3 More Victims Today], May 21.

  • Moravec, Marc. 1993. Organ Kidnap Legends. Australian Folklore 8: 89–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, William W. 1891. The Study of Folklore. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 9: 134–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, Rachel. 2003. A Typology of Cyber Sexploitation and Online Grooming Practices. Lancashire: University of Central Lancashire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öztürk, Özgür. 2012a. “Gençler Bunu Sakın Yapmayın [The Young Don’t Do This!].” Hürriyet, January 18.

  • Öztürk, Özgür. 2012b. “Siber Paylaşım Zorbalığı [Cyber Posting Bullying].” Hürriyet, January 19.

  • Öztürk, Meral. 2015. Medya ve Suç Korkusu Arasındaki İlişki [A Relationship between Media and Fear Crime]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 6 (36): 251–263. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pain, Rachel. 2000. Place, Social Relations and the Fear of Crime: A Review. Progress in Human Geography 24 (3): 365–387. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rader, Nicole E., Jeralynn S. Cossman, and Jeremy R. Porter. 2012. Fear of Crime and Vulnerability: Using a National Sample of Americans to Examine Two Competing Paradigms. Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (2): 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.02.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond Choo, Kim-Kwang. 2009. Online Child Grooming: A Literature Review on the Misuse of Social Networking Sites for Grooming Children for Sexual Offenses. Canberra City.

  • Resmi Gazete. 1979. The Law on Organ and Tissue Removal, Storage, Vaccination, and Transplantation. Resmi Gazete. Turkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16655.pdf.

  • Resmi Gazete. 2004. Turkish Penal Code. Resmi Gazete. Turkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/10/20041012.htm#1.

  • Resmi Gazete. 2018. Sağlıkla İlgili Bazı Kanun ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun [Some Health-Related Laws and Decrees Law on Amendment]. Resmi Gazete. Turkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/12/20181205-8.htm.

  • Rosengren, K.E., P. Arvidsson, and D. Sturesson. 1978. The Barse Panic—A Case of Media Deviance. In Deviance and Mass Media, ed. Charles Winick, 131–149. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salahudeen, A., H.F. Woods, A. Pingle, M.N. el Huda Suleyman, K. Shakuntala, M. Nandakumar, T. Yahya, and A.S. Daar. 1990. High Mortality Among Recipients of Bought Living-Unrelated Donor Kidneys. The Lancet 336 (8717): 725–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)92214-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, Clinton R., and Eleanor Lyon. 1995. Sanders, R. C. ve E. Lyon (1995). Repetitive Retribution: Media Images and the Cultural Construction of Criminal Justice. Jeff Ferrell and C. R. Sanders (Ed.) Içinde. Cultural Criminology (25-44). Boston: Northeastern Press. In Cultural Criminology, ed. Jeff Ferrell and Clinton Sanders, 25–44. Boston: Northeastern Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1992. Death Without Weepeing: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1996. Theft of Life: The Globalization of Organ Stealing Rumours. Anthropology Today 12 (3): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/2783143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 2000. The Global Traffic in Human Organs. Current Anthropology 41 (2): 191–224. https://doi.org/10.1086/300123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 2002. The Ends of the Body—Commodity Fetishism and the Global Traffic in Organs. SAIS Review 22 (1): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2002.0022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şenocak, Yusuf. 1985. “İnsanlık Ölmedi [Humanity Is Not Dead].” Hürriyet, December 10.

  • Şenyuva, Emine. 2022. Knowledge and Attitude of Society Concerning Organ Donation in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health 61 (3): 2102–2120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01392-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Cynthia, and Inês. Guedes. 2022. The Role of the Media in the Fear of Crime: A Qualitative Study in the Portuguese Context. Criminal Justice Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221088570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, Wesley G., and Michael G. Maxfield. 1981. Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighbourhood Reactions. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sönmez, Bayram. 1994. Niğde Efsaneleri: Tahlil ve Metinler [Niğde Legends: Analyses and Texts]. Kayseri, MA: Erciyes University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Jiaming, and Xun Wang. 2010. Value Differences Between Generations in China: A Study in Shanghai. Journal of Youth Studies 13 (1): 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260903173462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Ralph B., and Jeanette Covington. 1993. Community Structural Change and Fear of Crime. Social Problems 40 (3): 374–397. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorn. 2017. Sextortion: Summary Findings from a 2017 Survey of 2097 Survivors. https://www.thorn.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/sextortion_wave2report_121919.pdf.

  • Toselli, Paolo. 1991. Babbini: Carne de Trapianto! La Leggenda Esplode. Tutte Storie 1 (2): 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toselli, Paolo. 1994. La Famosa Invasione Delle Vipere Volanti. Milano: Sonzogno.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tükel, Selma. 1989. Çete Mensubu Tunç Ay Kunter Ifade Verdi: ‘Böbrek Aracılığını İnsaniyet Için Yaptım’ [Gang Member Tunç Ay Kunter Testified: ‘I Did the Kidney Mediation for Humanity’]. Hürriyet, January 18.

  • Tuik. 2021. Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojisi Kullanımı Araştırması [Survey on Information Technologies Use in Childeren]. 22.12.2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132.

  • TUİK. 2023. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması[ Household Information Technologies Usage Survey]. 29.08.2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2023-49407.

  • Varlı, Ali. 2019. “İnternetten Tanıştığı 13 Yaşındaki Maria’ya 5.5 Yıl Tecavüz Etmişti [He Raped 13 Year Old Maria, Whom He Met Online, for 5.5 Years]. Hürriyet, May 8.

  • Warr, Mark. 2000. Fear of Crime in the United States: Avenues for Research and Policy. In Criminal Justice 2000: Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, ed. David Duffee, 451–489. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr, Mark, and Christopher G. Ellison. 2000. Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households. American Journal of Sociology 106 (3): 551–578. https://doi.org/10.1086/318964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warr, Mark, and Mark Stafford. 1983. Fear of Victimization: A Look at the Proximate Causes. Social Forces 61 (4): 1033–1043. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warshaver, Gerald. 1986. Urban Folklore. In Handbook of American Folklore, ed. Richard M. Dorson, 162–172. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, Jennifer. 2020. The Challenges of Compromise. In Compromise in an Age of Party Polarization. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510490.003.0001.

  • Wolak, Janis, and David Finkelhor. 2016. Sextortion: Findings from a Survey of 1631 Victims. New Hampshire.

  • Yazıcı Sayın, Yazile. 2016. Turkish Validity and Reliability of Organ Donation Attitude Scale. Journal of Clinical Nursing 25 (5–6): 642–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yüksel, Gülşah. 2011. Kastamonu Efsaneleri [Legends of Kastamonu]. Yozgat, NA: Bozok University.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) in the scope of the research project numbered 122G108 that the author designed and conducted.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Faculty of Letters Sociology Department, Bartın, Turkey

    Hicran Karataş

Authors
  1. Hicran Karataş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hicran Karataş.

Ethics declarations

Competing interest

The author has not disclosed any competing interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karataş, H. Was there a better time to be a mother? Past and present times of socio-cultural fear of crime in Turkiye. Secur J (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00406-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00406-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation