Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cascade Control Method for Conducting Hybrid Simulation with Stiff Specimens

  • Research paper
  • Published:
Experimental Techniques Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hybrid simulation is an innovative method that combines an analysis model of a structural system with physical tests of one or more substructures. The analysis model is typically a finite element analysis (FEA) model that outputs displacements applied to the physical substructure using a control system operated in displacement control. For stiff specimens, the displacement commands can be so small that the control system has difficulty imposing the command displacements accurately. To do hybrid simulation with a stiff specimen, force control is desirable. Cascade control, which features two layers of closed loop control, is proposed to address this issue. The inner control loop has force control mode that provides accurate control for hybrid tests with stiff specimens. The outer control loop is in displacement control mode for accepting displacement commands from an FEA model. The effectiveness of the cascade control method in conducting hybrid simulation of stiff test specimens was evaluated with three sets of tests. For each set of tests, the results of both cascade control and displacement control methods were compared. The three test cases covered a wide range of variation from specimen size, test equipment, model type (2-D vs. 3-D), experimental element type (beam-column vs. truss), and test speed (slowdown 10 times in Test Case 1 and 2 versus 100 times in Test Case 3). In all cases, cascade control proved to be an effective method for conducting hybrid simulation with a stiff specimen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Schellenberg A, Mahin S (2006) Application of an experimental software framework to hybrid simulation of structures through collapse, In: First European Conf on Earthq Eng and Seismology 2006 (1st ECCS), Geneva, Switzerland, 3-8 Sept, vol 10, pp 6676–6685

  2. McKenna F (1997) Object-oriented finite element programming: frameworks for analysis, algorithms and parallel computing. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  3. Takahashi Y, Fenves GL (2006) Software framework for distributed experimental computational simulation of structural systems. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 35(2):267–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmadizadeh M, Mosqueda G (2008) Hybrid simulation with improved operator-splitting integration using experimental tangent stiffness matrix estimation. J Struct Eng-ASCE 134(12):1829–1838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Pan P, Nakashima M, Tomofuji H (2005) Online test using displacement-force mixed control. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 34(8):869–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hung C, El-Tawil S (2008) A method for estimating specimen tangent stiffness for hybrid simulation. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 38(1):115–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Scott MH, Fenves GL (2010) A krylov subspace accelerated Newton algorithm: application to dynamic progressive collapse simulation of frames. J Struc Eng 136(5):473–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Brown PN, Saad Y (1990) Hybrid Krylov methods for nonlinear systems of equations. SIAM J Sci Comput (USA) 11:450–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim H (2011) Development and implementation of advanced control methods for hybrid simulation Dynamics of Structures. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nakata N, Spencer BF, Elnashai AS (2006) Mixed load/displacement control strategy for hybrid simulation. In: 4th Int. Conf. on Earthq Eng, Taipei, Taiwan, 12-13 Oct, Paper No. 094

  11. Shing PSB, Mahin SA (1990) Experimental error effects in pseudodynamic testing. J Eng Mech-ASCE 116(4):805–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gao XS, You S (2019) Dynamical stability analysis of MDOF real-time hybrid system. Mech Syst Signal Process 133(1):106261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.106261

  13. Mirza Hessabi R, Mercan O (2012) Phase and amplitude error indices for error quantification in pseudodynamic testing. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 41(10):1347–1364

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA

    S. You, X. S. Gao & B. Thoen

  2. Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA

    C. French

  3. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA

    E. Cosgriff & P. Bergson

Authors
  1. S. You
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. X. S. Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Thoen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. French
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. E. Cosgriff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P. Bergson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. French.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

You, S., Gao, X.S., Thoen, B. et al. Cascade Control Method for Conducting Hybrid Simulation with Stiff Specimens. Exp Tech (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-023-00689-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-023-00689-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation