Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

In the Face of Opposition: An Analysis of Homeless Services in Skid Row

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

California is currently grappling with a severe homeless crisis, with Los Angeles and particularly Skid Row, harboring the largest homeless population in the nation. The escalating prevalence of homelessness necessitates evidence-based practices for effective intervention. Despite extensive research on homeless services, the issue’s complexity leaves us without a definitive solution for addressing the diverse needs of homeless individuals. The spectrum of approaches, ranging from stringent criminalization to supportive services, poses a challenge for agencies dedicated to serving this population, requiring them to navigate conflicting ideologies. This study delves into the impact of collaborations between opposing service providers on homeless services, drawing insights from interviews with homeless service workers in Skid Row, Los Angeles. Situated within the institutional logics framework, the research theoretically explores how institutions with conflicting ideologies can collaborate. Furthermore, the study introduces the concept of adjacent logics as a novel way to understand collaboration amidst conflicting ideologies. This study contributes to our understanding of homeless services and provides a nuanced framework for comprehending collaboration in the face of conflicting ideologies. This study addresses a critical gap in our knowledge, offering insights that can inform scholars and practitioners on collaborative strategies and reforms to benefit individuals experiencing homelessness and similar interacting populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alderson, M., and D. Perrone. 2019. “Procedural Justice and Police Encounters with Homeless Injection Drug Users in Skid Row.” Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Emergency Management 20:71-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, Karen. "Homelessness". Karen Bass for Mayor 2022. November 20, 2022. https://karenbass.com/policies/homelessness/

  • Beck, C. 2017. “Interdepartmental Correspondence: Naloxone Hydrochloride (Narcan) Program.” March 1, 2023 (http://www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/031417/BPC_17-0077.pdf)

  • Beletsky, L., D. Heller, S. M. Jenness., A. Neaigus., C. Gelpi-Acosta., and H. Hagan. 2013. “Syringe Access, Syringe Sharing, and Police Encounters Among People Who Inject Drugs in New York City: A Community-Level Perspective.” International Journal of Drug Policy 25:105-111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bransford, C., & Cole, M.. 2019. Trauma Informed Care in Homelessness Service Settings: Challenges and Opportunities. Homelessness Prevention and Intervention in Social Work: Policies, Programs, and Practices. 2019: 255-277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • California State Legislature. "Controlled Substances: Overdose Prevention Programs". 2021-2022 Regular Session, SB-57, 2022. 

  • Caruso, R. "Policies". Rick Caruso for the Love of LA. March 2, 2022. https://www.rickcarusola.com

  • Daniels, J.. 2018. As California’s Homelessness Grows, the Crisis Emerges as a Major Issue in the States Gubernatorial Race. CNBC, December 12, 2022 (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/19/californias-homelessness-crisis-a-major-issue-in-governors-race.html).

  • Davidson, C., Neighbors, C., Hall, G., Hogue, A., Cho, R., Kutner, B., & Morgenstern J. 2014. “Association of Housing First Implementation and Key Outcomes Among Homeless Persons with Problematic Substance Use”. Psychiatric Services, 65: 1318-1324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeBeck, K., T. Chang, J. S. Montaner, C. Breyer, R. Elliott, S. Sherman, E. Wood, and S. Baral. 2017. “HIV and the criminalization of drug use among people who inject drugs: A systematic review”. Lancet HIV, 4:357-374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennison, B. 2022. “Services Not Sweeps: Ending the Criminalization and Forced Displacement of Unhoused People”. National Alliance to End Homelessness, March, 2, 2023,(https://endhomelessness.org/blog/services-not-sweeps-ending-the-criminalization-and-forced-displacement-of-unhoused-people/)

  • DiMaggio, P.J., and Powell, Walter W. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48:147-160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinnen, S., Vince Kane, and Joan M. Cook. 2014. “Trauma Informed Care: A Paradigm Shift Needed for Services with Homeless Veterans”. Professional Case Management, 19: 161-170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, M.B., and Candace Jones. 2010. “Institutional Logics and Institutional Pluralism: The Contestation of Care and Science Logics in Medical Education 1967-2005.” Administrative Science Quarterly 55:114-149.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ericson, Richard. V., and Kevin D Haggerty. 1997. “Policing the Risk Society”. Journal of Law and Society, 25: 306-308.

  • Friedland, R., and Robert R. Alford. 1991. Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions. In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  • Gau, J.M. and Rod K. Brunson. 2010. “Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy”. Justice Quarterly, 27: 255-279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmer, T.P., Ana Stefancic, Marian L. Katz, Marisa Sklar, Sam Tsemberis, and Lawrence A. Palinkas. 2014. “Fidelity to the Housing First Model and Effectiveness of Permanent Supported Housing Programs in California.” Psychiatric Services, 65: 1311-1317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HHCLA. 2023. “Our Programs”. Homeless Health Care Los Angeles, November 7, 2023, (https://www.hhcla.org/programs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring, C. 2019. “Complaint-Oriented Policing: Regulating Homelessness in Public Space”. American Sociological Review, 84:769-800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herring, C. 2021. “Complaint-Oriented ‘Services’: Shelters as Tools for Criminalizing Homelessness”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693:264–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto, T. 2007. “Adding Insult to Injury: Criminalization of Homelessness in Los Angeles.” Whittier Law Review, 29:515-540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S.W., Anni-Maria Pulkki-Brannstorm, and Jolene Skordis-Worrall. 2014. “Comparing the Cost Effectiveness of Harm Reduction Strategies: A Case Study of the Ukraine.” BioMed Central, 12:1-28

    Google Scholar 

  • Los Angeles Department of Health Services. 2022. “Harm Reduction and Community Based-Diversion.” February 2, 2023 (https://dhs.lacounty.gov/office-of-diversion-and-reentry/our-services/office-of-diversion-and-reentry/harm-reduction-and-community-based-diversion/)

  • Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority. 2022. “2022 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count Data Summary: Skid Row.” February 5, 2023 from (https://www.lahsa.org/news?article=557-2022-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-results).

  • Lounsbury, M. 2002. “Institutional Transformation and Status Mobility: The Professionalization of the Field of Finance.” Academy of Management Journal 45:255–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marglos, J. 2023. Leaked LAPD Email Detailed Planned Arrests at Unhoused Encampment Leads to Condemnations. LAist. August 12, 2023 (https://laist.com/news/leaked-lapd-email-detailing-planned-arrests-at-unhoused-encampment-leads-to-condemnations)

  • Marlatt, G.A. 1996. “Harm Reduction: Come as You Are.” Addictive Behaviors 21:779-788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, M. 2000. “Transforming Police Organizations from Within”. British Journal of Criminology 40: 557-575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard-Moody, Steven, and Michael Musheno. 2012. “Social Equities and Inequities in Practice: Street-Level Workers as Agents and Pragmatists.” Public Administration Review 72:16-23.

  • Medsger, M. 2023. “Trump says he would ban homelessness, put violators in ‘tent cities’”. Boston Herald. August 21, 2023 (https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/04/18/trump-says-he-would-ban-homelessness-put-violators-in-tent-cities/)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T.S. 2021. LA Mayor Signs Ordinance Prohibiting ‘Sitting, Lying, or Sleeping’ Near Streets, Bridges, Schools, Which Critics Say Criminalizes Homelessness. Insider. November 30, 2022 (https://www.businessinsider.com/la-mayor-eric-garcetti-signs-ordinance-criminalizing-homelessness-2021-7).

  • Newsom, Gavin. "Letter to California State Senate". August 22, 2022. Sacramento, CA. 

  • Olivet, J., Ellen Bassuk, Emily Elstad, Rachael Kenney, and Lauren Jassil. 2010. “Outreach and engagement in homeless services: A review of the literature”. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3: 53-70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pache, A.C., and Filipe Santos. 2013. “Inside the Hybrid Organization: Selective Coupling as a Response to Competing Institutional Logics.” Academy of Management Journal 56:972-1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, B., Steven J. Korzeniewski, George Mohler, Jennifer J. Carroll, Brandon del Pozo, Grant Victor, and Phillip Huynh. 2023. “Spatiotemporal analysis exploring the effect of law enforcement on drug market disruptions on overdose, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2020-2021.” American Journal of Public Health 113: 750-758.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reay, T., and C.R. Hinnings. 2009. “Managing the Rivalry of Competing Institutional Logics.” Organization Studies 30:629-652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, A., and Jacqui Cameron. 2006. “A Review of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Harm Reduction Strategies for Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit D rugs.” Drug and Alcohol Review 25:611-624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneiberg, M, and Elisabeth S. Clemens. 2006. The Typical Tools for the Job: Research Strategies in Institutional Analysis. Sociological Theory 24:195-227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumaker, E., Carmen Paun, and Ben Leonard. 2023. “Biden’s Big Goal on Homelessness.” Politico.

  • Scott, R.W., Martin Ruef, Peter J. Mendel, and Carol A Caronna. 2000. Institutional Change and Health Care Organizations: From Professional Dominance to Managed Care. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skid Row Housing Trust. 2019. History of Skid Row and the Trust. November 30, 2022 (http://skidrow.org/about/history/)

  • Skolnik, T. 2016. “Homelessness and the Impossibility to Obey the Law”. Fordham Urban Law Journal 43:741-787

    Google Scholar 

  • Smets, M., Tim Morris, and Royston Greenwood. 2012. From Practice to Field: A Multilevel Model of Practice Driven Institutional Change. Academy of Management Journal 55:877-904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnier, O., and Ben Kasimar. 2023. “Trump Says He’ll Ban Homeless Camping, Create Tent Cities”. NBC News.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, M.J. 2017. “The Emergence of the Homeless as a Public Problem”. In Housing the Homeless, p. 113-124, Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, F. 2016. Down, Out & Under Arrest: Policing and Everyday Life in Skid Row. University of Chicago Press.

  • Stuart, F. 2014. “From Rabble Management to Recovery Management: Policing Homelessness in a Marginal Urban Space”. Urban Studies, 51:1909-1925.

  • Tavory, I., and Stefan Timmermans. 2014. Abductive Analysis: Theorizing Qualitative Research. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thacher, D.E. 2014. “Order Maintenance Policing”.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, P.H., and William Ocasio. 1999. “Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958–1990.” American Journal of Sociology 105:801–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, P.H. 2002. “The Rise of the Corporation in a Craft Industry: Conflict and Conformity in Institutional Logics.” Academy of Management Journal 45: 85–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, P.H., and William Ocasio. 2008. “Institutional Logics”. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism 840:99-128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsemberis, S., Leyla Gulcur, and Maria Nakae. 2004. “Housing First, Consumer Choice, and Harm Reduction for Individuals with Dual Diagnosis”. American Journal of Public Health 94:651-656.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsemberis, S. 2011. “Housing First: The Pathways Model to End Homelessness for People with Mental Illness and Addiction Manual”. European Journal of Homelessness, 5:235-240.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2019. The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. November 30, 2023 (https://files.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2019-AHAR-Part-1.pdf)

  • Westman, C. 2022. “UCLA Research Report Examines Effects of LA’s Homeless Encampment Sweep”. Daily Bruin, August 12, 2023 (https://dailybruin.com/2022/05/12/ucla-research-report-examines-effects-of-las-homeless-encampment-sweep).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, M.D., Dina Perrone, Aili Malm, and Seth Watts. 2021. “Narcan Cops: Officer Perceptions of Opioid Use and Willingness to Carry Naloxone”. Journal of criminal Justice 72: 1-12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J.D. 2020. “Private Policing and Public Health: A Neglected Relationship.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36: 19-38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E., Thomas Kerr, Will Small, Jim Jones, Martin T. Schechter, and Mark W. Tyndall. 2003. The Impact of a Police Presence on Access to Needle Exchange Programs. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 34:116-117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhall-Melnik, J.R., & James R. Dunn. 2016. “A systematic review of outcomes associated with participation in Housing First programs”. Housing Studies, 31: 287-304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maryanne Alderson Diaz.

Ethics declarations

Research Involving Human Subjects

This research was approved by the University of California, Irvine Institutional Review Board HS# 2018-4397. Approved informed consent forms were used for all interviews.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 1 Coding scheme used to analyze qualitative interviews

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Diaz, M.A. In the Face of Opposition: An Analysis of Homeless Services in Skid Row. Soc 61, 58–70 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-023-00939-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-023-00939-5

Keywords

Navigation