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Predictors of Public Attitudes Regarding the Impact of “End Demand” Legislation: Findings from an Israeli Survey

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Abstract

Background

The last two decades have seen a wave of legislative reforms in the regulation of the sex industry in many countries around the world. One particularly controversial reform is known as “End Demand” legislation: laws that criminalize clients of sex workers.

Methods

This study explores what predicts public attitudes regarding the impact of end demand legislation, based on an online survey, conducted in January 2020, of 2012 Israeli adults, just after such a law passed in Israel in December 2018. We focus on attitudes regarding the impact of end demand legislation, as correlated with attitudes toward women who sell sex (WSS), men who pay for sex (MPS), and policies related to the sex industry and gender.

Results

We found that a majority of the Israeli public had not formed an opinion regarding whether the law would achieve its declared goals as well as regarding its impact. Most of those who held an opinion about the law’s impact thought that it would not reduce the selling of sex and that it would negatively impact people involved in the sex industry. We also found greater support of criminalization of WSS among those who supported end demand legislation.

Conclusion

The study presents these findings, explores their implications—and specifically the failure of supporters of the law to convince the public of its ability to positively impact WSS —and highlights the public’s troubling tendency to link support for the criminalization of MPS with that of the criminalization of WSS.

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Availability of Data and Materials

Data is available upon request from the authors.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Notes

  1. In this article, we use the term “prostitution” to describe the abolitionist, pro-end demand, feminist position in Israel, as it aligns with their preferred terminology. Additionally, we use the term “prostitution” when referring to the Israeli End Demand Law, which employs the Hebrew word “znut” that translates to “prostitution.”.

  2. The sex industry is diverse and includes people along the gender spectrum. Yet, as we explain below, the Israeli policy campaign and debate focused on women who sell sex and men who pay for sex and paid little attention to other gender roles in the sex industry (Shamir & Thiemann, 2022). Accordingly, our study examined views regarding WSS and MPS.

  3. The feminist campaign initially focused only on women. Trans persons and men who sell sex were included in the feminist campaign at later stages and only partially.

  4. Article 1 of the Israeli End Demand Law presents the law’s purpose as “[…] reducing prostitution, as part of a combined effort that includes educating the public and expanding rehabilitation for populations in prostitution.” While elements of education and rehabilitation are not mentioned elsewhere in the law (see our discussion below), the term “rehabilitation” (shikum in Hebrew) was widely used in the policy and public deliberations around end demand legislation in Israel, and we therefore do the same here.

  5. Although 20% of the Israeli population is comprised of Palestinian Israelis, participation of non-Jewish people in research panels is limited, and panels could not commit to verified and validated data on that population.

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Funding

This research was conducted with the support of the TraffLab research project (www.trafflab.org) and received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 756672, PI Hila Shamir).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Hila Shamir

  2. School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Einat Peled & Guy Shilo

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  1. Hila Shamir
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  2. Einat Peled
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  3. Guy Shilo
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was supervised by all authors and performed by Midgam Project. Material preparation and analysis were performed by Guy Shilo. The first draft of the manuscript was written by all authors, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hila Shamir.

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Shamir, H., Peled, E. & Shilo, G. Predictors of Public Attitudes Regarding the Impact of “End Demand” Legislation: Findings from an Israeli Survey. Sex Res Soc Policy 21, 297–312 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00915-y

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