Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between long COVID and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients discharged for 6 months. It included 192 patients with a history of severe COVID-19 and 192 patients with a history of non-severe COVID-19 patients that were selected through quota sampling methods from the Medical Care Monitoring Center (MCMC) of hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, in 2020. Phone-based interviews were conducted to collect data using the short form of the 12-item health-related quality of life (SF-12) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, including mean (standard deviation) and frequency (percentage), were utilized. Statistical tests, such as the chi-squared test, independent samples t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and multiple linear regression models were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24, with a significance level of 0.05. Among 384 patients, 79.95% were married, with a mean age of 53.95 years. The majority of patients in both groups were male (57.81% in the severe group and 51.04% in the non-severe group). Patients with severe COVID-19 had significantly lower quality of life scores compared to those with non-severe COVID-19 (p < 0.001, 34.45 [SD = 6.59] versus 39.64 [SD = 5.07]). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that severe COVID-19 inducts a significant negative effect on HRQOL in patients after adjustment of confounders (p < 0.001, B = − 4.84). Patients with severe COVID-19 had lower HRQOL compared to those with a non-severe level. It is necessary to consider implementing policies aimed at providing social, psychological, or medical support to improve the HRQOL of patients with a history of severe COVID-19.
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Availability of data and materials
The data underlying this article were provided by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd and are owned by the university. The data sets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- HRQOL:
-
Health-related quality of life
- MCMC:
-
Medical Care Monitoring Center
- QOL:
-
Quality of life
- QS:
-
Quota sampling
- SF-12:
-
The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SF-36:
-
The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey
- SF-6D:
-
Includes six dimensions for quality of life
- EQ-5D:
-
Quality of life in Europe
- SGRQ:
-
St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire
- CCQ:
-
Clinical COPD Questionnaire
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Acknowledgements
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the medical staff at the teaching hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, as well as to the patients who participated in this study. Special thanks are due to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran, where this study was conducted as part of an MSc thesis in Epidemiology.
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The authors confirm that their research was financially supported by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
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SN conceived and developed the research idea, contributed to the study design, and revised the manuscript for submission. MB was responsible for data collection and manuscript writing. SJ conducted the statistical analysis and interpreted the data. SY contributed to the study design and revised the final manuscript for submission. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. The study procedures adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the ethics approval number is (IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1400.031).
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Namayandeh, S.M., Basti, M., Jambarsang, S. et al. The impact of long COVID on health-related quality of life in patients 6 months after discharge with severe COVID-19. Immunogenetics 76, 27–35 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-023-01329-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-023-01329-1