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Insights into Dietary Different Co-Forms of Lysine and Glutamate on Growth Performance, Muscle Development, Antioxidation and Related Gene Expressions in Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

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Abstract

The study aimed to compare the effects of crystalline L-lysine and L-glutamate (CAA), Lys-Glu dipeptide (KE) on the growth and muscle development of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), and related molecular mechanisms. Five experimental diets (CR, 0.5% CAA, 1.5% CAA, 0.5% KE, 1.5% KE) containing Lys and Glu as free (Lys and Glu, CAA) dipeptide (Lys-Glu, KE) forms were prepared, respectively. A total of 450 juvenile grass carp with an initial weight of 10.69 ± 0.07 g were randomly assigned to 15 cages, and 5 treatments with 3 replicates of 30 fish each for 61 days of feeding. The results showed that the group of 0.5% KE exhibited the best growth performances according to the indicator’s weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR), although no statistically significant occurred among all groups; diet supplemented with 0.5% CAA significantly elevated the condition factor (CF) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) of juvenile grass carp. Diet supplemented with different Lys and Glu co-forms at different levels promoted the muscle amino acid content compared with those of CR group. Comparing with the CR group and other groups, the hardness of 0.5% CAA group significantly increased, and the springiness of 0.5% KE group excelled. Both the muscle fiber diameter and density of 0.5% KE group showed significant difference with those of the CR group, and a negative correlation between them was also observed. To uncover the related molecular mechanism of the differences caused by the different co-forms of Lys and Glu, the effect of different diets on the expressions of protein absorption, muscle quality, and antioxidation-related genes was analyzed. The results suggested that comparing with those of CR group, the dipeptide KE inhibited the expressions of genes associated with protein metabolism, such as AKT, S6K1, and FoxO1a but promoted PCNA expression, while the free style of CAA would improve the FoxO1a expression. Additionally, the muscle development–related genes (MyoD, MyOG, and Myf5) were significantly boosted in CAA co-form groups, and the expressions of fMYHCs were blocked but fMYHCs30 significantly promoted in 0.5% KE group. Finally, the effect of different co-forms of Lys and Glu on muscle antioxidant was examined. The 0.5% CAA diet was verified to increase GPX1a but obstruct Keap1 and GSTP1 expressions, resulting in enhanced SOD activity and reduced MDA levels in plasma. Collectively, the different co-forms of Lys and Glu influenced the growth of juvenile grass carp, and also the muscle development and quality through their different regulation on the protein metabolism, muscle development– and antioxidative-related genes.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. U21A20267, 31902345 and 321102813), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 2023JJ30075 and 2021JJ40627), and Key program of Hunan education committee (grant no. 22A0597).

Funding

This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. U21A20267, 31902345 and 321102813); Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 2023JJ30075 and 2021JJ40627); Key program of Hunan education committee (grant no. 22A0597).

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  1. College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China

    Yuyang Cai, Qixiang Wang & Suchun Liu

  2. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China

    Yuyang Cai, Li He, Shenping Cao, Peng Zeng, Linhan Xu, Yanan Luo, Xiang Tang, Qixiang Wang, Zhen Liu & Zhimin He

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Contributions

YC: data curation, investigation, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. LH: data curation, investigation, validation. SC: conceptualization, methodology. PZ: data curation, investigation, validation. LX: data curation, investigation, validation. YL: data curation, investigation, validation. XT and QW: data curation, investigation, validation. ZL: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, resources. SL: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. ZH: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, resources, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Zhimin He or Suchun Liu.

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The research was monitored and listed under the guidelines of the relevant institutional animal care and guidance committee for all projects involving animal work. All the experimental procedures applied in this study did comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and were carried out in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986, and associated guidelines. This study was approved by the Committee of Laboratory Animal Management and Animal Welfare of Changsha University (Changsha, China), and all of the experimental produces conformed to the Ethical Committee of Changsha University. Ethics code number is 2022065.

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Cai, Y., He, L., Cao, S. et al. Insights into Dietary Different Co-Forms of Lysine and Glutamate on Growth Performance, Muscle Development, Antioxidation and Related Gene Expressions in Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Mar Biotechnol 26, 74–91 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-023-10278-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-023-10278-5

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