Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a biological, clinical continuum that covers the preclinical, prodromal, and clinical phases of the disease. Early diagnosis and identification of the stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are crucial in clinical practice. Ideally, biomarkers should reflect the underlying process (pathological or otherwise), be reproducible and non-invasive, and allow repeated measurements over time. However, the currently known biomarkers for AD are not suitable for differentiating the stages and predicting the trajectory of disease progression. Some objective parameters extracted using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are widely applied to diagnose the stages of the AD continuum. While electroencephalography (EEG) has a high temporal resolution, fMRI has a high spatial resolution. Combined EEG and fMRI (EEG–fMRI) can overcome single-modality drawbacks and obtain multi-dimensional information simultaneously, and it can help explore the hemodynamic changes associated with the neural oscillations that occur during information processing. This technique has been used in the cognitive field in recent years. This review focuses on the different techniques available for studying the AD continuum, including EEG and fMRI in single-modality and multi-modality settings, and the possible future directions of AD diagnosis using EEG–fMRI.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20230144); the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 – Major program of “Brain Science and Brain-Like Research” (2022ZD0211800); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271965, 81971596, 82001793); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Nanjing University (2020-021414380462); the Key Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Health Committee (K2019025); Industry and Information Technology Department of Nanjing (SE179-2021); Educational Research Project of Nanjing Medical University (2019ZC036); the Project of Nanjing Health Science and Technology Development (YKK19055); Key Project supported by Medical Science and technology development Foundation, Nanjing Department of Health (ZKX21031), and fundings for Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University (2021-LCYJ-PY-36). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors states no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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