Abstract
A [Cu(phen-Cl8)(Xantphos)]PF6·2CH2Cl2 (1·2CH2Cl2) complex based on octachloro-1,10-phenanthroline (phen-Cl8) and 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos) is prepared and studied. At 298 K, the crystalline form of the complex exhibits intense thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in the orange-red region with a quantum yield of 67% and a decay time of 2 µs. Upon cooling down to 77 K, the emission maximum exhibits a bathochromic shift from 622 nm to 650 nm, and the decay time increases up to 550 µs. Photoluminescence of the synthesized complex is additionally studied in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix and in a CH2Cl2 solution; the complex is shown to be X-ray luminescent. The spectral data and quantum chemical calculations show that the observed TADF is due to the charge transfer from the metal and phosphine ligand to the diimine group.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on July 2017. United Nations, 2017, A/RES/71/313.
C. Bizzarri, E. Spuling, D. M. Knoll, D. Volz, and S. Bräse. Sustainable metal complexes for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Coord. Chem. Rev., 2018, 373, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.011
S. C. Förster, K. Heinze, R. K. Pandey, D. K. P. Ng, T. Torres, F. Dumoulin, and C. Fö. Photophysics and photochemistry with Earth-abundant metals - fundamentals and concepts. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49, 1057. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00573k
T. S. Sukhikh, R. M. Khisamov, and S. N. Konchenko. Unexpectedly long lifetime of the excited state of benzothiadiazole derivative and its adducts with Lewis acids. Molecules, 2021, 26, 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072030
R. Khisamov, T. Sukhikh, D. Bashirov, A. Ryadun, and S. Konchenko. Structural and photophysical properties of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-based phosph(III)azane and its complexes. Molecules, 2020, 25, 2428. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102428
T. S. Sukhikh, R. M. Khisamov, D. A. Bashirov, V. Y. Komarov, M. S. Molokeev, A. A. Ryadun, E. Benassi, and S. N. Konchenko. Tuning of the coordination and emission properties of 4-amino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole by introduction of diphenylphosphine group. Cryst. Growth Des., 2020, 20, 5796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00406
K. A. Vinogradova, V. F. Plyusnin, A. S. Kupryakov, M. I. Rakhmanova, N. V. Pervukhina, D. Y. Naumov, L. A. Sheludyakova, E. B. Nikolaenkova, V. P. Krivopalov, and M. B. Bushuev. Halide impact on emission of mononuclear copper(I) complexes with pyrazolylpyrimidine and triphenylphosphine. Dalton Trans., 2014, 43, 2953. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3dt53040j
F. Dumur. Recent advances in organic light-emitting devices comprising copper complexes: a realistic approach for low-cost and highly emissive devices? Org. Electron., 2015, 21, 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.02.026
Y. Zhang, M. Schulz, M. Wächtler, M. Karnahl, and B. Dietzek. Heteroleptic diimine–diphosphine Cu(I) complexes as an alternative towards noble-metal based photosensitizers: Design strategies, photophysical properties and perspective applications. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2018, 356, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.016
M. Alkan-Zambada, S. Keller, L. Martínez-Sarti, A. Prescimone, J. M. Junquera-Hernández, E. C. Constable, H. J. Bolink, M. Sessolo, E. Ortí, and C. E. Housecroft. [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] compounds with bis(phosphane) and 6-alkoxy, 6-alkylthio, 6-phenyloxy and 6-phenylthio-substituted 2,2-bipyridine ligands for light-emitting electrochemical cells. J. Mater. Chem. C., 2018, 6, 8460. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02882f
S. Keller, A. Prescimone, M. G. La Placa, J. M. Junquera-Hernández, H. J. Bolink, E. C. Constable, M. Sessolo, E. Ortí, and C. E. Housecroft. The shiny side of copper: bringing copper(I) light-emitting electrochemical cells closer to application. RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 22631. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03824e
C. Li, R. Dickson, N. Rockstroh, J. Rabeah, D. B. Cordes, A. M. Z. Slawin, P. Hünemörder, A. Spannenberg, M. Bühl, E. Mejía, E. Zysman-Colman, and P. C. J. Kamer. Ligand electronic fine-tuning and its repercussion on the photocatalytic activity and mechanistic pathways of the copper-photocatalysed aza-Henry reaction. Catal. Sci. Technol., 2020, 10, 7745. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cy01221a
C. Li, C. F .R. MacKenzie, S. A. Said, A. K. Pal, M. A. Haghighatbin, A. Babaei, M. Sessolo, D. B. Cordes, A. M. Z. Slawin, P. C. J. Kamer, H. J. Bolink, C. F. Hogan, and E. Zysman-Colman. Wide-bite-angle diphosphine ligands in thermally activated delayed fluorescent copper(I) complexes: Impact on the performance of electroluminescence applications. Inorg. Chem., 2021, 60, 10323. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00804
M. Meyer, L. Mardegan, D. Tordera, A. Prescimone, M. Sessolo, H. J. Bolink, E. C. Constable, and C. E. Housecroft. A counterion study of a series of [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][A] compounds with bis(phosphane) and 6-methyl and 6,6′-dimethyl-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligands for light-emitting electrochemical cells. Dalton Trans., 2021, 50, 17920. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1dt03239a
D. Chen, W. Li, L. Gan, Z. Wang, M. Li, and S. J. Su. Non-noble-metal-based organic emitters for OLED applications. Mater. Sci. Eng., R, 2020, 142, 100581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100581
H. Yersin, A. F. Rausch, R. Czerwieniec, T. Hofbeck, and T. Fischer. The triplet state of organo-transition metal compounds. Triplet harvesting and singlet harvesting for efficient OLEDs. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2011, 255, 2622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.042
K. H. Kim, S. J. Yoo, and J. J. Kim. Boosting triplet harvest by reducing nonradiative transition of exciplex toward fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes with 100% internal quantum efficiency. Chem. Mater., 2016, 28, 1936. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00478
C. Sandoval-Pauker, M. Santander-Nelli, and P. Dreyse. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence in luminescent cationic copper(I) complexes. RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 10653. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08082b
C. E. Housecroft and E. C. Constable. TADF: enabling luminescent copper(I) coordination compounds for light-emitting electrochemical cells. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2022, 10, 4456. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc04028f
R. Czerwieniec, M. J. Leitl, H. H. H. Homeier, and H. Yersin. Cu(I) complexes - thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Photophysical approach and material design. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2016, 325, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.016
X. Li, S. Fu, Y. Xie, and Z. Li. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diodes. Rep. Prog. Phys., 2023, 86, 096501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ace06a
M. T. Buckner and D. R. McMillin. Photoluminescence from copper(I) complexes with low-lying metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1978, 759. https://doi.org/10.1039/c39780000759
C. Titze, W. Kaim, and S. Zalis. Structural flexibility of the hydrogen-free acceptor ligand octachloro-1,10-phenanthroline in its complexes with d10 metal ions. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 2505. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic960837o
E. V. Kalneus, A. R. Melnikov, V. V. Korolev, V. I. Ivannikov, and D. V. Stass. A low-field magnetically affected reaction yield (MARY) spectrometer with spectral fluorescence resolution. Appl. Magn. Reson., 2013, 44, 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-012-0397-7
M. A. Bondarenko, A. S. Novikov, I. F. Sakhapov, M. N. Sokolov, and S. A. Adonin. Heteroleptic Cu(I) halide complexes with perchlorinated 1,10-phenanthroline. J. Mol. Struct., 2021, 1234, 130199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130199
A. V. Artem′ev, M. Y. Petyuk, A. S. Berezin, A. L. Gushchin, M. N. Sokolov, and I. Y. Bagryanskaya. Synthesis and study of Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes based on octachloro-1,10-phenanthroline: towards deep red-to-NIR emitters. Polyhedron, 2021, 209, 115484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2021.115484
C. Titze and W. Kaim. Polychlorinated biaryl heterocycles as potential ligands. Reactions between octachloro-1,10-phenanthroline and -2,2′-bipyridine with copper(I) and other metal ions. Z. Naturforsch., B, 1996, 51, 981. https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-1996-0713
I. Y. Bagryanskaya, L. V. Politanskaya, and E. V. Tretyakov. Frequently used, but still unknown: terbium(III) tris-hexafluoroacetylacetonate dihydrate. Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2016, 66, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2016.02.009
L. Politanskaya, J. Wang, N. Troshkova, I. Chuikov, and I. Bagryanskaya. One-pot synthesis of fluorinated 2-arylchroman-4-one derivatives from 2-(triisopropylsilyl)ethynylphenols and aromatic aldehydes. J. Fluor. Chem., 2022, 263, 110045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110045
I. D. Gorokh, S. A. Adonin, A. S. Novikov, A. N. Usoltsev, P. E. Plyusnin, I. V. Korolkov, M. N. Sokolov, and V. P. Fedin. Halobismuthates with 3-iodopyridinium cations: Halogen bonding-assisted crystal packing. Polyhedron, 2019, 166, 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2019.03.041
A. N. Usoltsev, A. S. Novikov, M. N. Sokolov, and S. A. Adonin. Neutral heteroleptic complexes of bis(2-halopyridine)dihalocopper(II) family: How the nature of halogen atom affects supramolecular motifs and energies of halogen bonding in solid state? Solid State Sci., 2020, 109, 106441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106441
L. V. Politanskaya, P. A. Fedyushin, T. V. Rybalova, A. S. Bogomyakov, N. B. Asanbaeva, and E. V. Tretyakov. Fluorinated organic paramagnetic building blocks for cross-coupling reactions. Molecules, 2020, 25, 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225427
A. N. Usoltsev, S. A. Adonin, A. S. Novikov, D. G. Samsonenko, M. N. Sokolov, and V. P. Fedin. One-dimensional polymeric polybromotellurates(IV): structural and theoretical insights into halogen⋯halogen contacts. CrystEngComm, 2017, 19, 5934. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ce01487b
A. Mikhailov, N. Korobeynikov, A. Usoltsev, S. A. Adonin, G. A. Kostin, and D. Schaniel. Bismuth and antimony halometalates containing photoswitchable ruthenium nitrosyl complexes. Dalton Trans., 2023, 52, 919. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2DT03497B.
A. N. Usoltsev, N. A. Korobeynikov, B. A. Kolesov, A. S. Novikov, P. A. Abramov, M. N. Sokolov, and S. A. Adonin. Oxochloroselenate(IV) with incorporated {Cl2}: The case of strong Cl⋯Cl halogen bonding. Chem. - Eur. J., 2021, 27, 9292. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202101024
S. A. Adonin, I. D. Gorokh, A. S. Novikov, A. N. Usoltsev, M. N. Sokolov, and V. P. Fedin. Tetranuclear anionic bromobismuthate [Bi4Br18]6−: new structural type in halometalate collection. Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2019, 103, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2019.03.014
S. S. Batsanov. Van der Waals radii of elements. Inorg. Mater., 2001, 37, 871. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011625728803
S. Grimme. Semiempirical GGA-type density functional constructed with a long-range dispersion correction. J. Comput. Chem., 2006, 27, 1787. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20495
J. Zheng, X. Xu, and D. G. Truhlar. Minimally augmented Karlsruhe basis sets. Theor. Chem. Acc., 2011, 128, 295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-010-0846-z
C. Minozzi, A. Caron, J.-C. Grenier-Petel, J. Santandrea, and S. K. Collins. Heteroleptic copper(I)-based complexes for photocatalysis: Combinatorial assembly, discovery, and optimization. Angew. Chem., 2018, 130, 5575. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201800144
J. Wöhler, M. Meyer, A. Prescimone, C. E. Housecroft, and E. C. Constable. The effects of introducing terminal alkenyl substituents into the 2,2-bipyridine domain in [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ coordination compounds. Dalton Trans., 2022, 51, 13094. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2dt01799g
Funding
This work was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-73-20196-P). Luminescent properties were studied at the Centre for Optical and Laser Materials Research of the Saint-Petersburg State University Research Park.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interests.
Additional information
Russian Text © The Author(s), 2023, published in Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, 2023, Vol. 64, No. 12, 121372.https://doi.org/10.26902/JSC_id121372
Publisher’s Note. Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Petyuk, M.Y., Rakhmanova, M.I., Sadykov, E.K. et al. High-Efficiency Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of a Copper(I) Complex Based on Octachloro-1,10-Phenanthroline. J Struct Chem 64, 2427–2437 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022476623120144
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022476623120144