Abstract
While most of the literature has focused on the individual-level effects of humor, the number of studies addressing and analyzing humor in its social context as a group-level phenomenon has also started to increase. Yet there is still increased heterogeneity of results, as well as problems regarding conceptualization and measurement of humor in groups. To further our understanding of humor as an emergent multilevel construct, we conducted a systematic literature review on the antecedents and consequences of humor in groups. The findings indicate that factors such as group composition, interpersonal familiarity, task structure, trust, cohesion, positive team environment, communication norms, communication channels, and timing dynamics play important roles in the emergence and type of humor expressed within groups. The consequences of humor in groups include the emergence of cohesion, the delineation of group boundaries and identity formation, influence on group atmosphere and affective dynamics, facilitation of collective coping and team engagement, and potential effects on team performance. We discuss research progress and gaps, and conclude by outlining future research directions.
About the authors
Andreea Gheorghe holds a PhD in Psychology from Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and she is interested in research topics related to group dynamics and the study of humor from a relational perspective.
Petru Lucian Curșeu is professor at Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca Romania and at Open Universiteit, The Netherlands, his research interests include team dynamics, social cognition (in particular the study of stereotypes and prejudice in organizational settings), multiparty collaboration as well as decision-making in organizations.
References
Banning, Mary Rus & David L. Nelson. 1987. The effects of activity-elicited humor and group-structure on group cohesion and affective responses. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 41(8). 510–514. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.41.8.510.Search in Google Scholar
Batt-Rawden, Victoria H. & Laura E. M. Traavik. 2022. Fostering egalitarianism for team learning in professional service teams. Learning Organization 29. 597–614. https://doi.org/10.1108/tlo-01-2022-0007.Search in Google Scholar
Baxter, Judith. 2018. ‘Keep strong, remember everything you have learnt’: Constructing support and solidarity through online interaction within a UK cancer support group. Discourse & Society 29(4). 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926518754414.Search in Google Scholar
Bergson, Henri, Cloudesley Shovell Henry Brereton & Fred Rothwell. 1914. Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic. London: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 2005. Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.10.4135/9781446211779Search in Google Scholar
Block, Jack. 1995. A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin 117(2). 187. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187.Search in Google Scholar
Bonaiuto, Marino, Elio Castellana & Antonio Pierro. 2003. Arguing and laughing: The use of humor to negotiate in group discussions. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 16(2). 183–223.10.1515/humr.2003.010Search in Google Scholar
Boydstun, Amber E., Hanna Wallach, Dannagal G. Young & Joseph A. Allen. 2023. The role of humor in work group dynamics in times of crisis. Small Group Research 54. 792–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/10464964231173335.Search in Google Scholar
Boyle, Gregory J. & Jeanne M. Joss-Reid. 2004. Relationship of humour to health: A psychometric investigation. British Journal of Health Psychology 9(1). 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910704322778722.Search in Google Scholar
Braun, Virginia & Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2). 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.Search in Google Scholar
Brewer, Margo L. & Helen Flavell. 2020. High and low functioning team-based pre-licensure interprofessional learning: An observational evaluation. Journal of Interprofessional Care 35. 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1778652.Search in Google Scholar
Brueller, Daphna & Abraham Carmeli. 2011. Linking capacities of high-quality relationships to team learning and performance in service organizations. Human Resource Management 50(4). 455–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20435.Search in Google Scholar
Caird, Sara & Rod A. Martin. 2014. Relationship-focused humor styles and relationship satisfaction in dating couples: A repeated-measures design. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 27(2). 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2014-0015.Search in Google Scholar
Cann, Arnie, Lawrence G. Calhoun & Jamey T. Nance. 2009. Positive and negative styles of humor in communication: Evidence for the importance of considering both styles. Communication Quarterly 57(4). 452–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370903313398.Search in Google Scholar
Chang, Jen-Ho, Hsueh-Chih Chen, Chin-Chun Hsu, Yu-Chen Chan & Yu-Lin Chang. 2015. Flexible humor styles and the creative mind: Using a typological approach to investigate the relationship between humor styles and creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 9(3). 306. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039527.Search in Google Scholar
Cialdini, Robert B., Carl A. Kallgren & Raymond R. Reno. 1991. A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Advances in experimental social psychology, 24, 201–234. Elsevier.10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5Search in Google Scholar
Cialdini, Robert B., Raymond R. Reno & Carl A. Kallgren. 1990. A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58(6). 1015. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015.Search in Google Scholar
Creswell, John W. 2014. A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Crowe, John, Joseph A. Allen & Nale Lehmann-Willenbrock. 2016. Humor in workgroups and teams. The psychology of humor at work, 108–120. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Cruz-Moya, Olga & Alfonso Sanchez-Moya. 2021. Humour in multimodal times Insights from online interactions among senior users of a WhatsApp group. Internet Pragmatics 4(1). 52–86. https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00061.cru.Search in Google Scholar
Curseu, Petru Lucian & Oana Catalina Fodor. 2016. Humor and group atmosphere development of a short scale for evaluating affiliative and aggressive humor in groups. Team Performance Management 22(7–8). 370–382. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-04-2015-0022.Search in Google Scholar
Curșeu, Petru Lucian, Andreea Gheorghe, Mara Bria & Ioana Camelia Negrea. 2022. Humor in the sky: The use of affiliative and aggressive humor in cabin crews facing passenger misconduct. Journal of Service Theory and Practice 32(6). 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1108/jstp-03-2022-0060.Search in Google Scholar
Dangermond, Karin, Ricardo Weewer, Joachim Duyndam & Anja Machielse. 2022. “If it stops, then I’ll start worrying.” Humor as part of the fire service culture, specifically as part of coping with critical incidents. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 35(1). 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2021-0106.Search in Google Scholar
Davila, Liv T. 2019. “J’aime to be funny!”: Humor, learning, and identity construction in high school English as a second language classrooms. Modern Language Journal 103(2). 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12557.Search in Google Scholar
Dezecache, Guillaume & Robin I. M. Dunbar. 2012. Sharing the joke: The size of natural laughter groups. Evolution and Human Behavior 33(6). 775–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.07.002.Search in Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin I. M. 2017. Group size, vocal grooming and the origins of language. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 24(1). 209–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1122-6.Search in Google Scholar
Duncan, Jack W. 1984. Perceived humor and social network patterns in a sample of task-oriented groups – A reexamination of prior research. Human Relations 37(11). 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678403701102.Search in Google Scholar
Edwards, Emily. 2018. Exploring the use of humour in medical education in the GP small group setting. Education for Primary Care 29(6). 383–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2018.1509677.Search in Google Scholar
Edwards, Christian Nicholas & Robin L. Jones. 2018. Humour in sports coaching: ‘It’s a funny old game’. Sociological Research Online 23(4). 744–762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418780047.Search in Google Scholar
Fine, Gary Alam & Michaela De Soucey. 2005. Joking cultures: Humor themes as social regulation in group life. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 18(1). 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2005.18.1.1.Search in Google Scholar
Finset, A., S. Steine, L. Haugli, E. Steen & E. Laerum. 2002. The brief approach/avoidance coping questionnaire: Development and validation. Psychology, Health & Medicine 7(1). 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500120101577.Search in Google Scholar
Fominaya, Cristina Flesher. 2007. The role of humour in the process of collective identity formation in autonomous social movement groups in contemporary Madrid. International Review of Social History 52. 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020859007003227.Search in Google Scholar
Fredrickson, Barbara L. 2001. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist 56(3). 218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218.Search in Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1928. Original papers: Humor. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 9. 1–6.Search in Google Scholar
Galloway, Graeme. 2010. Individual differences in personal humor styles: Identification of prominent patterns and their associates. Personality and Individual Differences 48(5). 563–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.007.Search in Google Scholar
Gervais, Matthew & David Sloan Wilson. 2005. The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. Quarterly Review of Biology 80(4). 395–430. https://doi.org/10.1086/498281.Search in Google Scholar
Gheorghe, Andreea & Petru Lucian Curșeu. 2022. Leading through affiliation: The effect of humor type and gender on likelihood of being perceived as a leader. Current Psychology 42. 1–12.10.1007/s12144-022-03383-6Search in Google Scholar
Gheorghe, Andreea, Petru Lucian Curșeu & Oana Catalina Fodor. 2023. Jokes and quarrels: A cross-cultural investigation of humor and conflict transformation in groups. International Journal of Conflict Management 35. 945–960. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-02-2023-0027.Search in Google Scholar
Gheorghe, Andreea, Oana Cătălina Fodor, Petru Lucian Curșeu, Sabina Trif & Lavinia Cirebea. 2022. The effect of humor and perceived social interdependence on teamwork engagement in student groups. Current Psychology 42. 1–12.10.1007/s12144-022-03482-4Search in Google Scholar
Gockel, Christine & Norbert L. Kerr. 2015. Put-down humor directed at outgroup members increases perceived – But not experienced – Cohesion in groups. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 28(2). 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0020.Search in Google Scholar
Griffiths, Lesley. 1998. Humour as resistance to professional dominance in community mental health teams. Sociology of Health & Illness 20(6). 874–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00133.Search in Google Scholar
Gruner, Charles R. 1997. The game of humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Gutierrez, Catalina Argüello, Hugo Carretero-Dios, Guillermo B. Willis & Miguel Moya Morales. 2018. “It’s funny if the group says so”: Group norms moderate disparaging humor appreciation. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 31(3). 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0055.Search in Google Scholar
Guzman, Joseph A. 2020. Talking shit, egos, and tough skin: Humor among elite black men. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 49(5). 613–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241620926286.Search in Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer. 2000. Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women. Journal of Pragmatics 32(6). 709–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00069-7.Search in Google Scholar
Heintz, Sonja & Willibald Ruch. 2019. From four to nine styles: An update on individual differences in humor. Personality and Individual Differences 141. 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.008.Search in Google Scholar
Hmieleski, Keith M. & Michael S. Cole. 2021. Laughing all the way to the bank: The joint roles of shared coping humor and entrepreneurial team-efficacy in new venture performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 46. 1782–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211046543.Search in Google Scholar
Hoigaard, Rune, Tommy Haugen, Bjørn T. Johansen & Rune Giske. 2017. Team identity in youth soccer: The role of coaches’ feedback patterns and use of humour. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(6). 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117738843.Search in Google Scholar
Ilgen, Daniel R., John R. Hollenbeck, Michael Johnson & Dustin Jundt. 2005. Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology 56. 517–543. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070250.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Jeemin, Michael Godfrey & Mark Eys. 2020. A double-edged sword: The nature of team comedians in sport teams. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 34. 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1759158.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Hee Sun & Barbara Plester. 2021. Smashing, shaming, or polite fun and joy? How workplace humor influences positive well-being in South Korean workplaces. Frontiers in Psychology 12. 682183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682183.Search in Google Scholar
Kozlowski, Steve W. J. & Georgia T. Chao. 2012. The dynamics of emergence: Cognition and cohesion in work teams. Managerial and Decision Economics 33(5–6). 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.2552.Search in Google Scholar
Kozlowski, Steve W. J., Georgia T. Chao, James A. Grand, Michael T. Braun & Goran Kuljanin. 2013. Advancing multilevel research design: Capturing the dynamics of emergence. Organizational Research Methods 16(4). 581–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428113493119.Search in Google Scholar
Kozlowski, Steve W. J. & Katherine J. Klein. 2000. A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In Katherine J. Klein & Steve W. J. Kozlowski (eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions, 3–90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Search in Google Scholar
Kuiper, Nicholas A., Melissa Grimshaw, Catherine Leite & Gillian Kirsh. 2010. Reactions to humorous comments and implicit theories of humor styles. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 6(3). 236–266. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v6i3.215.Search in Google Scholar
Kwon, Winston, Rowan Mackay, Ian Clarke, Ruth Wodak & Eero Vaara. 2020. Testing, stretching, and aligning: Using ‘ironic personae’ to make sense of complicated issues. Journal of Pragmatics 166. 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.06.001.Search in Google Scholar
Lampert, Martin D. & Susan A. Ervin-Tripp. 2006. Risky laughter: Teasing and self-directed joking among male and female friends. Journal of Pragmatics 38(1). 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.004.Search in Google Scholar
Lawless, William & Rory Magrath. 2020. Inclusionary and exclusionary banter: English club cricket, inclusive attitudes and male camaraderie. Sport in Society 24(8). 1493–1509. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1819985.Search in Google Scholar
Lehmann-Willenbrock, Nale & Joseph A. Allen. 2014. How fun are your meetings? Investigating the relationship between humor patterns in team interactions and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 99(6). 1278–1287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038083.Search in Google Scholar
Leonardelli, Geoffrey J., Cynthia L. Pickett & Marilynn B. Brewer. 2010. Optimal distinctiveness theory: A framework for social identity, social cognition, and intergroup relations. In Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 43, 63–113. Elsevier.10.1016/S0065-2601(10)43002-6Search in Google Scholar
Linge-Dahl, Lisa M., Sonja Heintz, Willibald Ruch & Lukas Radbruch. 2018. Humor assessment and interventions in palliative care: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology 9. 890. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00890.Search in Google Scholar
Lynch, Owen. 2010. Cooking with humor: In-group humor as social organization. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 23(2). 127–159. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMR.2010.007.Search in Google Scholar
Martin, Rod A. & Thomas Ford. 2018. The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. London: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar
Martin, Rod A., Patricia Puhlik-Doris, Gwen Larsen, Jeanette Gray & Kelly Weir. 2003. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality 37(1). 48–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00534-2.Search in Google Scholar
Martineau, William H. 1972. A model of the social functions of humor. In Jeffrey, H. Goldstein & Paul, E. McGhee (eds.), The psychology of humor, 101–125. New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-288950-9.50011-0.Search in Google Scholar
McDonald, Rachel I. & Christian S. Crandall. 2015. Social norms and social influence. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3. 147–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.006.Search in Google Scholar
McGraw, A. Peter, Caleb Warren, Lawrence E. Williams & Bridget Leonard. 2012. Too close for comfort, or too far to care? Finding humor in distant tragedies and close mishaps. Psychological Science 23(10). 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612443831.Search in Google Scholar
Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica, David J. Glew & Chockalingam Viswesvaran. 2012. A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology 27. 155–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211199554.Search in Google Scholar
Meyer, John C. 2000. Humor as a double-edged sword: Four functions of humor in communication. Communication Theory 10(3). 310–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00194.x.Search in Google Scholar
Morreall, John. 1982. A new theory of laughter. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 42(2). 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00374037.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, Phong T., Karin Sanders, Gavin M. Schwarz & Alannah E. Rafferty. 2022. The linkage between cognitive diversity and team innovation: Exploring the roles of team humor styles and team emotional intelligence via the conservation of resources theory. Organizational Psychology Review 12. 428–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221114847.Search in Google Scholar
Nielsen, Malene Molding. 2011. On humour in prison. European Journal of Criminology 8(6). 500–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370811413818.Search in Google Scholar
North, Sara. 2007. ‘The voices, the voices’: Creativity in online conversation. Applied Linguistics 28(4). 538–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm042.Search in Google Scholar
Petraki, Eleni & Ismarita Ramayanti. 2018. Navigating the Indonesian workplace hierarchy: Managers’ use of humour as a rapport building strategy. Journal of Pragmatics 134. 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.06.010.Search in Google Scholar
Plester, Barbara A. & Janet Sayers. 2007. “Taking the piss”: Functions of banter in the IT industry. Humor-International Journal of Humor Research 20(2). 157–187. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2007.008.Search in Google Scholar
Pouthier, Vanessa. 2017. Griping and joking as identification rituals and tools for engagement in cross-boundary team meetings. Organization Studies 38(6). 753–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616685358.Search in Google Scholar
Priest, Robert & Jordan Swain. 2002. Humor and its implications for leadership effectiveness. HUMOR 15(2). 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2002.010.Search in Google Scholar
Provine, Robert R. 1993. Laughter punctuates speech: Linguistic, social and gender contexts of laughter. Ethology 95(4). 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00478.x.Search in Google Scholar
Provine, Robert R. & Kenneth R. Fischer. 1989. Laughing, smiling, and talking: Relation to sleeping and social context in humans. Ethology 83(4). 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00536.x.Search in Google Scholar
Pundt, Alexander & Laura Venz. 2017. Personal need for structure as a boundary condition for humor in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior 38(1). 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2112.Search in Google Scholar
Rhee, Seung-Yoon, Hyewon Park & Jonghoon Bae. 2020. Network structure of affective communication and shared emotion in teams. Behavioral Sciences 10(10). 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10100159.Search in Google Scholar
Robinson, Dawn T. & Lynn Smith-Lovin. 2001. Getting a laugh: Gender, status, and humor in task discussions. Social Forces 80(1). 123–158. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0085.Search in Google Scholar
Romero, Eric J. & Lucy A. Arendt. 2011. Variable effects of humor styles on organizational outcomes. Psychological Reports 108(2). 649–659. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.20.21.PR0.108.2.649-659.Search in Google Scholar
Romero, Eric J. & Kevin W. Cruthirds. 2006. The use of humor in the workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives 20(2). 58–69. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMP.2006.20591005.Search in Google Scholar
Romero, Eric & Anthony Pescosolido. 2008. Humor and group effectiveness. Human Relations 61(3). 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708088999.Search in Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Caroline, Arlene Walker, Michael Leiter & Joe Graffam. 2021. Humor in workplace leadership: A systematic search scoping review. Frontiers in Psychology 12. 610795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610795.Search in Google Scholar
Roth, Susan & Lawrence J. Cohen. 1986. Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist 41(7). 813. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.41.7.813.Search in Google Scholar
Ruch, Willibald, Sonja Heintz, Tracey Platt, Lisa Wagner & René T. Proyer. 2018. Broadening humor: Comic styles differentially tap into temperament, character, and ability. Frontiers in Psychology 9. 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00006.Search in Google Scholar
Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1969. The world as will and representation, vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications. (Original work published in 1819).Search in Google Scholar
Shultz, Thomas R. 1972. The role of incongruity and resolution in children’s appreciation of cartoon humor. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 13(3). 456–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(72)90074-4.Search in Google Scholar
Sierra, Sylvia. 2019. Linguistic and ethnic media stereotypes in everyday talk: Humor and identity construction among friends. Journal of Pragmatics 152. 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.09.007.Search in Google Scholar
Spencer, Herbert. 1860. The social organism. Westminster Review 73(143). 90–121.Search in Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri & John, C. Turner. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In William, G. & Stephen Worchel (eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Search in Google Scholar
Tamminen, Katherine A. & Peter R. E. Crocker. 2013. “I control my own emotions for the sake of the team”: Emotional self-regulation and interpersonal emotion regulation among female high-performance curlers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14(5). 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.002.Search in Google Scholar
Terrion, Jennefer Lennox & Blake E. Ashforth. 2002. From ‘I’ to ‘we’: The role of putdown humor and identity in the development of a temporary group. Human Relations 55(1). 55–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702055001606.Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, Jessica Leigh. 2009. Building collective communication competence in interdisciplinary research teams. Journal of Applied Communication Research 37(3). 278–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880903025911.Search in Google Scholar
Van Der Vegt, Gerben S. & J. Stuart Bunderson. 2005. Learning and performance in multidisciplinary teams: The importance of collective team identification. Academy of Management Journal 48(3). 532–547. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407918.Search in Google Scholar
Van Knippenberg, Daan, Carsten K. W. De Dreu & Astrid C. Homan. 2004. Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology 89(6). 1008. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1008.Search in Google Scholar
Van Vugt, Mark & Tatsuya Kameda. 2013. Evolution and groups. In John M. Levine (ed.), Group processes, 297–322. NY: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Wallace, Isla, Helen Barratt, Sarah Harvey & Rosalind Raine. 2019. The impact of clinical nurse specialists on the decision making process in cancer multidisciplinary team meetings: A qualitative study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 43. 101674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101674.Search in Google Scholar
Warren, Caleb, Adam Barsky & A. Peter McGraw. 2021. What makes things funny? An integrative review of the antecedents of laughter and amusement. Personality and Social Psychology Review 25(1). 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868320961909.Search in Google Scholar
Warren, Caleb & A. Peter McGraw. 2015. Benign violation theory. Mays Business School Research Paper (2015–11).Search in Google Scholar
Westwood, Robert I. & Allanah Johnston. 2013. Humor in organization: From function to resistance. Humor 26(2). 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2013-0024.Search in Google Scholar
Wolfers, Solvejg, Kieran File & Stephanie Schnurr. 2017. “Just because he’s black”: Identity construction and racial humour in a German U-19 football team. Journal of Pragmatics 112. 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.02.003.Search in Google Scholar
Zillmann, Dolf & Jennings Bryant. 1980. Misattribution theory of tendentious humor. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16(2). 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90005-0.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston