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Androgenesis in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): a critical revisit

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Abstract

Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) is a multi-purpose crop used for both animal and human feed. It is an economically and industrially important crop. It possesses many therapeutical and nutraceutical compounds. Therefore, soybean is referred to as ‘Gold from the soil’. Conventional breeding approaches are laborious and time-consuming. Thus, alternative biotechnological methods, such as in vitro micropropagation, regeneration, and transformation, could be advantageous. Despite the efforts made in the field of soybean micropropagation for haploidy and doubled haploidy, especially androgenesis, the success rate accounts for only approximately 2%. Androgenesis in soybean is lacking primarily due to its recalcitrant nature and differences in the development of microspores within a flower. Haploids and doubled haploids (DHs) have contributed immensely to crop improvement programs. In this review, soybean androgenesis history, production of haploids, and doubled haploids have been highlighted. The factors responsible for the androgenic responses have also been discussed. Furthermore, the review will be helpful in understanding the challenges in the standardization of protocol for the production of haploids and DHs in soybean, which will eventually assist breeding and crop improvement.

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Abbreviations

2, 4-D :

2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

AC :

Activated charcoal

ABA :

Abscisic acid

BA or BAP :

6-Benzyladenine or 6-Benzylaminopurine

BA or BAP :

Nitsch and Nitsch medium with reduced nitrogen medium (modification of Nitsch and Nitsch (1969) medium)

B5 :

Gamborg medium

DHs :

Doubled haploids

CRISPR/Cas9 :

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9

°C :

Degree Celsius

d :

Days

hr :

Hours

IBA :

Indole-3-butyric acid

GA3 :

Gibberellic acid (A3) or gibberellin A3

Kin :

Kinetin

NaOCl :

Sodium hypochlorite

HgCl :

Mercury (I) chloride

LED :

Light-emitting diode

MS/MSO :

Murashige and Skoog medium

MSM6 :

Finer and McMullen medium

mg L − 1 :

Milligram per litre

mm :

Millimetre

min :

Minutes

N6 :

Chu’s medium

NAA :

Naphthaleneacetic acid

NN :

Nitsch and Nitsch medium

Pic :

Picloram

PT4-15 (or PTA-15) :

Skinner and Liang medium

S :

Seconds

TDZ :

Thidiazuron

YS or  YSaa :

Yeung and Sussex medium or amino acids

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, 110012, India

    Ayyagari Ramlal, Deepshikha Sharma, S. K. Lal & Ambika Rajendran

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, 11800, Malaysia

    Ayyagari Ramlal & Sreeramanan Subramaniam

  3. Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Sahil Mehta

  4. Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India

    Aparna Nautiyal

  5. Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India

    Pooja Baweja

  6. Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Shivam

  7. Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Pattambi, Kerala, 679306, India

    Roshni Vijayan

  8. Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, 110012, India

    Dhandapani Raju

  9. Chemical Centre Biology (CCB), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia

    Sreeramanan Subramaniam

  10. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia

    Sreeramanan Subramaniam

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  1. Ayyagari Ramlal
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  11. Ambika Rajendran
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Contributions

SKL and AmR conceptualized the idea. AyR resources, data curation, and writing original draft preparation; S and DS assisted in resources and data curation; SM, AN, PB, SKL, RV, DR, SS, and AmR review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ambika Rajendran.

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Ramlal, A., Mehta, S., Nautiyal, A. et al. Androgenesis in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): a critical revisit. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 60, 1–15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-023-10402-z

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