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Ultrahigh-Strength and Ductile AISI 316L Steel Processed by Cryogenic Rolling

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Abstract

We demonstrate that cryogenic rolling can simultaneously achieve ultrahigh strength and significant ductility in 316L steel, thereby overcoming the existing limits of its tensile properties. The cryogenic-rolled 316L steel exhibited a 1.1 GPa yield strength (YS) at 298 K. Typically, deformed materials exhibit strain softening immediately after yielding with poor uniform ductility. However, during tensile straining, the cryogenic-rolled 316L steel underwent significant strain hardening despite being severely deformed, thus demonstrating exceptional uniform ductility. Consequently, the cryogenic-rolled 316L steel showed a significantly superior strength–ductility combination, impossible with typical cold rolling. The significantly increased YS of the cryogenic-rolled 316L steel resulted from the combined effect of the presence of the hard martensite phase and the refined austenite grains formed by high-density deformation bands. The significant strain hardening in the cryogenic-rolled 316L steel was possible because the low density of dislocations in the austenite matrix enabled the generation of substantial back stress when newly formed dislocations accumulated at obstacles such as grain boundaries during tensile deformation. Partial dislocations in the cryogenic-rolled 316L steel also contributed to considerable strain hardening by suppressing cross-slip during tensile deformation at 298 K—a well-known major mechanism that weakens strain hardening by facilitating dynamic recovery in metallic materials. Our findings suggest a new microstructural strategy for developing commercial steels with superior tensile properties.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Korea government through the Fundamental Research Program of Korea Institute of Materials Science (PNK8190), the Nano & Material Technology Development Program (2021M3H4A6A03103720), the Technology Innovation Program (20011372), and the National Research Foundation (202300212657).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea

    Jong Woo Won, Seulbi Lee, Young-Kyun Kim, Yong-Taek Hyun & Dong Won Lee

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  1. Jong Woo Won
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  2. Seulbi Lee
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  3. Young-Kyun Kim
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  4. Yong-Taek Hyun
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  5. Dong Won Lee
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Contributions

JWW: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing, funding acquisition; SL: methodology, data curation; YKK: methodology, data curation; YTH: investigation; DWL: investigation.

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Correspondence to Jong Woo Won.

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Won, J.W., Lee, S., Kim, YK. et al. Ultrahigh-Strength and Ductile AISI 316L Steel Processed by Cryogenic Rolling. Met. Mater. Int. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-023-01596-3

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