Abstract
Ionizing radiation is the energy in the form of waves or particles that has the power to eject electrons from atoms and its main sources are radiological and nuclear medical examinations, cancer treatments, X-rays and gamma rays used in industry, and nuclear accidents. Since ionizing radiation has negative effects on human health, it is important to be protected against it by using shielding materials. In this study, a coating material comprising nano bismuth oxide and waterborne polyurethane (40% w/w WPU and 60% w/w Bi2O3) was developed and applied on to a commercially available, lightweight woven fabrics for fabricating wearable as well as flexible shielding materials. The X-ray shielding performance of the samples was measured as described in standard TS EN 61331-1:2014 at tube voltages of 40 kV, 60 kV, 80 kV, and 100 kV. In addition to the characterization analyses (i.e. SEM–EDS and FTIR), the coated fabrics were also subjected to some textile based performance tests, namely, water contact angle, abrasion, and stiffness in accordance with the relevant standards. The results of nano bismuth oxide and waterborne polyurethane-coated fabrics demonstrated promising results not only for X-ray shielding performance but also for the tested textile properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Moore, B, VanSonnenberg, E, Casola, G, Novelline, RA, “The Relationship Between Back Pain and Lead Apron Use in Radiologists.” AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 158 (1) 191–193 (1992)
Ross, AM, Segal, J, Borenstein, D, Jenkins, E, Cho, S, “Prevalence of Spinal Disc Disease Among Interventional Cardiologists.” Am. J. Cardiol., 79 (1) 68–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00678-9 (1997)
Mori, H, Koshida, K, Ishigamori, O, Matsubara, K, “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of X-ray Protective Aprons in Experimental and Practical Fields.” Radiol. Phys. Technol., 7 158–166 (2014)
Azman, NN, Siddiqui, S, Hart, R, Low, IM, Yeow, JT, “Effect of Particle Size, Filler Loadings and X-Ray Tube Voltage on the Transmitted X-Ray Transmission in Tungsten Oxide-Epoxy Composites.” Appl. Radiat. Isot., 71 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.09.012 (2013)
Aral, N, Nergis, FB, Candan, C, “An Alternative X-ray Shielding Material Based on Coated Textiles.” Text. Res. J., 86 (8) 803–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517515590409 (2016)
Ambika, MR, Nagaiah, N, Suman, S, “Role of Bismuth Oxide Asa Reinforcer on Gamma Shielding Ability of Unsaturated Polyester Based Polymer Composites.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44657 (2016)
Aral, N, Nergis, FB, Candan, C, “The X-ray Attenuation and the Flexural Properties of Lead-Free Coated Fabrics.” J. Ind. Text., 47 (2) 252–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083716644287 (2017)
Burgio, E, Piscitelli, P, Migliore, L, “Ionizing Radiation and Human Health: Reviewing Models of Exposure and Mechanisms of Cellular Damage. An Epigenetic Perspective.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15 (9) 1971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091971 (2018)
Okonkwo, UC, Idumah, CI, Okafor, CE, Ohagwu, CC, Aronu, ME, Okokpujie, IP, Chukwu, NN, Chukwunyelu, CE, “Development, Characterization, and Properties of Polymeric Nanoarchitectures for Radiation Attenuation.” J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater., 32 4093–4113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02420-y (2022)
Prabhu, S, Bubbly, SG, Gudennavar, SB, “X-ray and γ-ray Shielding Efficiency of Polymer Composites: Choice of Fillers, Effect of Loading and Filler Size, Photon Energy and Multifunctionality.” Polym. Rev., 1–43 https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2022.2067867 (2022)
McAlister, DR, Gamma Ray Attenuation Properties of Common Shielding Materials. University Lane Lisle, USA (2012)
Suzuki, H, Komatsu, N, Ogawa, T, Murafuji, T, Ikegami, T, Matano, Y, Organobismuth Chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2001)
Nambiar, S, Osei, EK, Yeow, JT, “Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Shielding Against Diagnostic X-Rays.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 127 4939–4946. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.37980 (2013)
Fontainha, CCP, Faria, LO, Neto, AB, “Polymer-Based Nanocomposites of P(VDFTrFE)/Bi2O3 Applied to X-Ray Shielding.” Res. Rev. J. Mater. Sci., 4 16–23. https://doi.org/10.4172/2321-6212.1000149 (2016)
Maghrabi, HA, Vijayan, A, Deb, P, Wang, L, “Bismuth Oxide-Coated Fabrics for X-Ray Shielding.” Text. Res. J., 86 (6) 1649–1655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517515592809 (2015)
Noor Azman, NZ, Musa, NF, Ab Razak, NNN, Ramli, RM, Mustafa, IS, Rahman, AA, Yahaya, NZ, “Effect of Bi2O3 Particle Sizes and Addition of Starch into Bi2O3–PVA Composites for X-Ray Shielding.” Appl. Phys. A, 122 (9) 818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0329-8 (2016)
Pulford, S, Fergusson, M, “A Textile Platform for Non-Lead Radiation Shielding Apparel.” J. Text. Inst., 107 (12) 1610–1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2015.1131402 (2016)
Singh, AK, Singh, RK, Sharma, B, Tyagi, AK, “Characterization and Biocompatibility Studies of Lead-Free X-ray Shielding Polymer Composite for Healthcare Application.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 138 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.04.016 (2017)
Alshahri, S, Alsuhybani, M, Alosime, E, Almurayshid, M, Alrwais, A, Alotaibi, S, “LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-Ray Shielding.” Polymers, 13 (18) 3081. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183081 (2021)
Li, Z, Zhou, W, Zhang, X, Gao, Y, Guo, S, “High-Efficiency, Flexibility and Lead-Free X-ray Shielding Multilayered Polymer Composites: Layered Structure Design and Shielding Mechanism.” Sci. Rep., 11 (1) 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83031-4 (2021)
Moonkum, N, Pilapong, C, Daowtak, K, Tochaikul, G, “Evaluation of Silicone Rubber Shielding Material Composites Enriched with BaSO4 and Bi2O3 Particles for Radiation Shielding Properties.” Mater. Res. Innov., 1–8 (2022)
Maghrabi, H, Deb, P, Vijayan, A, Wang, L, “An Overview of Lead Aprons for Radiation Protection: Are They Doing Their Best?” In: Proceedings of the 8th Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Symposium (TBIS 2015), Zadar, Croatia, 14–17 June 2015
Qu, L, Tian, M, Zhang, X, Guo, X, Zhu, S, Han, G, Li, C, “Barium Sulfate/Regenerated Cellulose Composite Fiber with X-ray Radiation Resistance.” J. Ind. Text., 45 (3) 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083714534708 (2015)
Günther, K, Giebing, C, Askani, A, Leisegang, T, Krieg, M, Kyosev, Y, Weide, T, Mahltig, B, “Cellulose/Inorganic-Composite Fibers for Producing Textile Fabrics of High X-ray Absorption Properties.” Mater. Chem. Phys., 167 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.10.019 (2015)
Kim, SC, Son, JS, “Double-Layered Fiber for Lightweight Flexible Clothing Providing Shielding from Low-Dose Natural Radiation.” Sci. Rep., 11 (1) 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83272-3 (2021)
Kim, SC, “Construction of a Medical Radiation-Shielding Environment by Analyzing the Weaving Characteristics and Shielding Performance of Shielding Fibers Using X-ray-Impermeable Materials.” Mater. Appl. Sci., 11 (4) 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041705 (2021)
Yu, L, Yap, PL, Santos, AM, Tran, DN, Losic, D, “Lightweight Polyester Fabric with Elastomeric Bismuth Titanate Composite for High-Performing Lead-free X-ray Shielding.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 205 110726 (2023)
Mehrjardi, AZ, Gholamzadeh, L, Zafari, F, “Coating of Polyester Fabrics with Micro-Particles of Bi2O3 and BaO for Ionization Ray Shielding.” Appl. Radiat. Isot., 192 110573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110573 (2023)
Jamil, M, Hazlan, MH, Ramli, RM, Noor Azman, NZ, “Study of Electrospun PVA-Based Concentrations Nanofibre Filled with Bi2O3 or WO3 as Potential X-ray Shielding Material.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 156 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.11.018 (2019)
Asgari, M, Afarideh, H, Ghafoorifard, H, Amirabadi, EA, “Comparison of Nano/Micro Lead, Bismuth and Tungsten on the Gamma Shielding Properties of the Flexible Composites Against Photon in Wide Energy Range (40–662 keV).” Nucl. Eng. Technol., 53 (12) 4142–4149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.06.022 (2021)
Muthamma, MV, Prabhu, S, Bubbly, SG, Gudennavar, SB, “Micro and Nano Bi2O3 Filled Epoxy Composites: Thermal, Mechanical and γ-Ray Attenuation Properties.” Appl. Radiat. Isot., 174 109780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109780 (2021)
Verdipoor, K, Alemi, A, Mesbahi, A, “Photon Mass Attenuation Coefficients of a Silicon Resin Loaded with WO3, PbO, and Bi2O3 Micro and Nano-Particles for Radiation Shielding.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 147 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.02.017 (2018)
Almuqrin, AH, Sayyed, MI, Elsafi, M, Khandaker, MU, “Comparison of Radiation Shielding Ability of Bi2O3 Micro and Nanoparticles for Radiation Shields.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 200 110170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110170 (2022)
Li, Q, Wei, Q, Zheng, W, Zheng, Y, Okosi, N, Wang, Z, Su, M, “Enhanced Radiation Shielding with Conformal Light-Weight Nanoparticle-Polymer Composite.” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10 (41) 35510–35515. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b10600 (2018)
Hassan, HE, Badran, HM, Aydarous, A, Sharshar, T, “Studying the Effect of Nano Lead Compounds Additives on the Concrete Shielding Properties for γ-rays.” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 360 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.07.126 (2015)
Zhou, D, Zhang, Q-P, Zheng, J, Wu, Y, Zhao, Y, Zhou, Y-L, “Co-shielding of Neutron and γ-ray with Bismuth Borate Nanoparticles Fabricated via a Facile Sol–Gel Method.” Inorg. Chem. Commun., 77 55–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2017.01.034 (2017)
Mahmoud, ME, El-Khatib, AM, Badawi, MS, Rashad, AR, El-SharkawyRM, TAA, “Fabrication, Characterization Andgamma Rays Shielding Properties of Nano and Micro Lead Oxide-Dispersed-High Density Polyethylene Composites.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 145 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.10.017 (2018)
Mesbahi, A, Ghiasi, H, “Shielding Properties of the Ordinary Concrete Loaded with Micro- and Nano-Particles Against Neutronand Gamma Radiations.” Appl. Radiat. Isot., 136 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.02.004 (2018)
Mansouri, E, Tarhriz, V, Yousefi, V, Dilmaghani, A, “Intercalationand Release of an Anti-inflammatory Drug into Designed Three-dimensionally Layered Double Hydroxide Nanostructure via Calci-Nation–Reconstruction Route.” Adsorption, 26 835–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-020-00217-4 (2020)
Kim, S-C, Cho, S-H, “Analysis of the Correlation Between Shielding Material Blending Characteristics and Porosity for Radiation Shielding Films.” Appl. Sci., 9 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091765 (2019)
Artemev, VA, “Estimate of Neutron Attentuation and Moderation by Nanostructural Materials.” At. Energy, 94 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024758306635 (2003)
Ambika, M, Nagaiah, N, Harish, V, Lokanath, N, Sridhar, M, Renukappa, N, Suman, S, “Preparation and Characterisation of Isophthalic-Bi2O3 Polymer Composite Gamma Radiation Shields.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 130 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.09.022 (2017)
Malekzadeh, R, Mehnati, P, Sooteh, MY, Mesbahi, A, “Influence of the Size of Nano- and Microparticles and Photon Energy on Massattenuation Coefficients of Bismuth–Silicon Shields in Diagnostic Radiology.” Radiol. Phys. Technol., 12 (3) 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12194-019-00529-3 (2019)
Wortmann, M, Frese, N, Hes, L, Gölzhäuser, A, Moritzer, E, Ehrmann, A, “Improved Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics Due to Polymer Coatings.” J. Ind. Text., 49 (5) 572–583 (2019)
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding by ITU Scientific Research and Development Support Program under the Grant Number MYL-2021-42927.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Koyuncu, B., Aral, N., Candan, C. et al. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles/waterborne polyurethane-coated fabrics for ionizing radiation protection. J Coat Technol Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00864-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00864-6