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The Effect of Spironolactone Loading on the Properties of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/Gold Nanoparticles Composite Scaffolds for Myocardial Tissue Engineering

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Abstract

Engineered cardiac constructs (ECC) aid in the progression of regenerative medicine, disease modeling and targeted drug delivery to adjust and aim the release of remedial combination as well as decrease the side effects of drugs. In this research, polycaprolactone/gold nanoparticles (PCL/GNPs) three-dimensional (3D) composite scaffolds were manufactured by 3D printing using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and then coated with gelatin/spironolactone (GEL/SPL). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR–ATR) were applied to characterize the samples. Furthermore, drug release, biodegradation, behavior of the myoblasts (H9C2) cell line, and cytotoxicity of the 3D scaffolds were evaluated. The microstructural observation of the scaffolds reported interconnected pores with 150–300 µm in diameter. The 3D scaffolds were degraded significantly after 28 days of immersion in stimulated body fluid (SBF), with the maximum rate of GEL- coated 3D scaffolds. SPL release from cross-linked GEL coating demonstrated the excess of drug release over time, and according to the control release systems, the drug delivery systems (DDS) went into balance after the 14th day. In addition, cell culture study showed that with the addition of GNPs, the proliferation of (H9C2) was enhanced, and with GEL/SPL coating the cell attachment and viability were improved significantly. These findings suggested that PCL/GNPs 3D scaffolds coated with GEL/SPL can be an appropriate choice for myocardial tissue engineering.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Central Laboratory, School of Medicine) for their sincere contributions to this research.

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This paper was not financially supported.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1469669191, Iran

    Sharareh Ghaziof

  2. Stem Cells Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1469669191, Iran

    Shahrokh Shojaei

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 8174673441, Iran

    Mehdi Mehdikhani

  4. Materials Engineering Group, Golpayegan College of Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Golpayegan, 87717-67498, Iran

    Mohammad Khodaei

  5. Hard Tissue Engineering Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1469669191, Iran

    Milad Jafari Nodoushan

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  1. Sharareh Ghaziof
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Ghaziof, S., Shojaei, S., Mehdikhani, M. et al. The Effect of Spironolactone Loading on the Properties of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/Gold Nanoparticles Composite Scaffolds for Myocardial Tissue Engineering. J Bionic Eng 21, 924–937 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-023-00458-3

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